Effect of Washington Consensus Upon Emerging Market

Washington Consensus implemented by emerging markets refers to economic policies created by John Williamson (Hooper, 2002; Rodrik, 2006). It is based on financial liberalization theory of McKinnon and Shaw, which emphasis on freeing financial markets from government intervention. Financial liberalization theory assumed perfect financial markets with perfect information, perfect competition and depends on institution-free analysis (Demetriades, 1999). These assumptions are irrelevant in the sense that market, as a whole is imperfect. Despite these deficiencies, emerging countries agree to implement Washington Consensus requested by International Monetary Policy (IMF) and World Bank as part of their loan contracts. According to Washington Consensus, emerging economies facing similar problems with developed markets should be treated with the same tools. Washington Consensus aims to encourage privatization with high level of economic openness. There are many criticisms regarding the policies content of Washington Consensus. Some critics argue that the policies are not being devised in a sequentially correct manner and did not consider emerging markets’ development stage (Hooper, 2002). There are several impacts of the implementation of Washington Consensus upon the emerging capital markets namely worsen economic growth and increase stock market’s volatility. Implementation of the Washington Consensus through financial liberalization has affected economic growth of emerging capital markets. Financial liberalization is developed in the objective of improving economic growth by encouraging saving, investment and capital productivity. Before financial liberalization is introduced, many developing countries encounter financial repression, which is the process where government intervenes in the economy (Demetriades, 1999). In 1960s and 1970s, government intervention was needed to control pegged exchange rates under Bretton-Wood regime. Government controlled the markets by allocating high reserve requirement, interest rates ceiling, and controlling capital, credit as well as exchange rate. These interventions led to disequilibrium in interest rate, for example, interest rates were below equilibrium level (Hooper, 2002). In order to curb the problem, financial liberalization is introduced, for instance, by setting higher interest rates. High interest rates were aimed to encourage savings, which will attract investment through borrowing and thus improved economic growth. Unfortunately, financial liberalization did not result in greater savings instead high interest rate can destroy reformation in real sector (Hooper, 2002). In addition, financial liberalization exacerbates economic growth in the sense that ratio of reserves to foreign denominated short-term indebtedness had declined substantially (Stiglitz, 2000). Washington Consensus suggests emerging capital markets to deregulate their economies in order to achieve economic growth. However, lack of comprehensive regulation has led to Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. Moreover, dampen economic growth during Asian Financial Crisis came from maturity and currency mismatch. For example, long-term investment in local currency financed short-term liabilities in dollars. Besides, Washington Consensus did not emphasis on capital flow structure in liberalizing capital flows. Many emerging capital markets destabilized due to high level of capital flows. In Latin America (1980), economic crisis was a result of cash flow structuring problem with the increase in portfolio equity to replace portfolio debt. Asian Financial Crisis 1997 has been deteriorated due to regular flows of money between financial markets. This term hot money will flow from countries with low return to countries with the highest interest rates as banks attempt to get highest return as possible. These flows can affect balance of payments if exchange rates in the total is high (Hooper, 2002). Thus, Washington Consensus worsens economic growth of emerging capital markets. Volatility of stock markets is also affected by the implementation of Washington Consensus. Financial liberalization lead emerging capital markets to more volatility. This is because financial liberalization encourages deregulation, and liquidity, which are the components enhancing volatility. It also goes for taxation as lower taxes lead to volatility. Since liberalize markets usually have lower market concentration, volatility will also increase (Hooper, 1998). Moreover, increasing portfolio equity flows increasing volatility of stock markets (Hooper, 2002). These situations reduce the attractiveness of investing in emerging stock markets (Stiglitz, 2000). Besides, stock markets’ volatility will be exasperated when there is no sufficient accounting disclosure since investors are not able to make informed judgment about the firm. However, financial liberalization did not improve accounting disclosure and structure of governance (Hooper, 2002). There is negative relationship between quality of accounting system and volatility of stock market. Poor accounting system lead to higher market volatility. Moreover, Washington Consensus policy of deregulation has also intensified volatility of stock market (Hooper, 1998; Hooper, 1998). In addition, financial liberalization increased volatility of stock markets with changes in outside country. Since, emerging markets seemed risky, investors are discouraged to invest in the markets. Thus, results in large capital outflows (Stiqlitz, 2000). However, in the long run, volatility of emerging stock markets is improving as they liberalize. International investors find investing in emerging markets are profitable since their risk-return of overall portfolio improved. Investing in emerging stock market lead to diversification of risk, as there is low correlation with other markets (Hooper, 1998). Despite that, implementation of Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets lead to volatile stock market especially in the short-term cycle. There are several ways for IMF and World Bank to conduct policy in developing countries. One of the ways is IMF and World Bank have to make sure that Washington Consensus policies are implemented in correct sequencing manner (Hooper, 2002). For example, financial sector should be reformed after regulatory and bank supervision are restructured and after real sector has been reformed. IMF and World Bank should also encourage developing countries to review and comprehend their regulation system since deregulation can harm economic growth (Hopper, 2002). Furthermore, fortifying securities and accounting regulation help reduce volatility (Hooper, 1998) by implementing framework and policies like fiscal policy, which represent the countries stock markets’ volatility. Besides, IMF and World Bank should bequest emerging countries to be more transparent in accounting disclosure and adopt good governance structure. For example, companies with poor governance are required to pay high return to investors. To reduce the premium, corporation should lessen information asymmetry by increasing accounting disclosure. Thus, cost of equity is lowered since investors are more aware about the firms’ cash flow. Moreover, accounting disclosure overcomes capital flows problem while clear securities framework helps lower volatility. Accounting disclosure should improve so that firms are abled to be monitored and controlled by government (Hooper, 2002). In addition, higher interest rates in emerging capital markets leads to adverse selection and moral hazard problem. Adverse selection normally occurs when interest rates are high as borrowers invest in extremely risky investment without lenders’ knowledge. While moral hazard arises when borrowers invest in projects they had not agreed to. This can lead to increase in cost of borrowing for other borrowers. Thus, encouraging accounting disclosure helps to reduce adverse selection and moral hazard. For example, Thailand and South-East Asian faced moral hazard due to deficient accounting disclosure and comprehensive regulation (Hooper, 2002). Besides, transparent information helps heal economic growth through effective resource allocation (Stiglitz, 2000). IMF and World Bank should also emphasis on binding constraints on economic growth by finding ways to correct the constraints. It is important for an economy to use the appropriate tools in reducing the constraints. For instance, reforming financial intermediaries will not improve investment with poor property rights. Thus, binding constraints have to be evaluated (Stiglitz, 1998). In conclusion, implementing Washington Consensus in emerging capital markets is not efficient. It deteriorated economic growth of many developing countries; for instance, East Asian and Latin America were in bad financial crisis. Moreover, the liberalization process also affects stock market of emerging countries by exacerbating stock markets’ volatility. Thus, International Monetary Fund and World Bank have to play their role by setting up efficient policies in order to curb problems arise from the implementation of Washington Consensus as well as improving the economy of emerging countries. REFERENCE LISTS * Demetriades, P 1999, ‘Financial liberalization: the experience of developing countries’, Eastern Economic Journal, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 441-457. Hooper, V 1998, ‘Volatility and openness of emerging stock markets: some empirical evidence’, Emerging Capital Markets: Financial and Investment Issues, pp. 35-45. * Hooper, V 2002, ‘The Washington Consensus and Emerging Economies’, pp. 1-14. * Rodrik, D 2006, ‘Goodbye Washington Consensus, hello Washington Confusion’, pp. 1-28. * Stiglitz, J 1998, ‘More instruments and broader goals: moving toward the Post–Washington Consensus’, pp. 1-46. * Stiglitz, JE 2000, ‘Capital market liberalization, economic growth, and instability’, World Development, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 1075-1086.

Truman Show Media Essay

Trumann life is built and controlled, and revolved around media without his knowledge. Trumann â€Å"perfect world† Is a direct metaphor for our lives. Our lives are warped by the media's ideals similarly how the protagonist unknowingly lives in a life that is being controlled. In both circumstances, the media's main objective seems to be evident; a subtle way to convey a message. The media depicted in the motion picture has a significantly high Influential role to our modern day society, which Is unavoidable.This is strongly portrayed throughout, â€Å"the Truman show† solely based on three points which are commercialism, manipulation, and emotions created when engaged into media. Manipulation is a recurring theme in â€Å"the Truman show' as the media creates unrealistic societal expectations for the viewers. These expectations are created to achieve the ideal life that is demonstrated in Trumann life, as each situation he encounters Is Immaculately set up. Shaven Is a prime example of how the film shows the audience what a perfect world Is pertaining to.In the utopian world, everybody is content with his or her lives, but realistically it's embellished. The society is manipulated in thinking to believe a flawless world exists and the way people live In media Is the way humanity should live as well. The film displays Trauma's life In a nutshell, having an adequate Job and having a significant other, which are things, any typical male would request for. â€Å"The Truman Show† implemented an imaginary world to capture the viewer's attention and to give of a positive vibe, further Influencing the viewers that media can help us attain the Ideal world _In the scene, where Truman tells the teacher his dream occupation is to be an explorer, she blatantly lies to him down by telling him the whole world Is already been discovered and explored. Truman now believes he can never become an explorer, destroying all his ambitions and aspirations. The t eacher manipulated Truman so he thinks that he can't be what he wants so he doesn't disrupt what the media wants. This is similar to how civilization Is manipulated as younger kids to believe that we can't pursue what we truly desire such as being a female astronaut because it's not supported by society.Modern day society is heavily manipulated and influenced by external factors such as media and the powers of authority. Truman is not the only victim exposed to media, we all are as well. Ideals of our society are established by the messages of the media In turn to shape our expectations and attitude towards life Itself. The media often demonstrates how it plays an impact with our emotions whether it is an advertisement or television show. These emotions can either have a positive or a negative repercussion to our mood. Media Is so powerful; Its capable to take over an individual's composure.A prominent example would be when the bathtub man goes to the extent by incorporating a telev ision in his bathroom so he can watch Truman would do such a peculiar thing for the purpose of watching a reality show. The bathtub striver to emulate Truman, fixating to every move he made, felt like he was Truman or wanted to be like him. At the same time as Truman was sleeping, he was too. During the thunderstorm, where Truman was desperately holding onto his life, the bathtub man pretended he was in enduring the thunderstorm and held on to the shower curtains as followed.The media is able to toy with our emotions, which is apparent when Sylvia, Trauma's first legitimate love knelt down in front of the television in desperation when watching â€Å"The Truman Show. † This signifies that Sylvia had built up emotions and felt an intimate connection with the character. She was frantically hoping Truman realizes he is living in a constructed staged world. Sylvia felt infuriated and appalled that Christofis has the power to control one's life, physically and mentally. Due to Chr istofis repugnant actions, Sylvia took initiative to notify the director of how unacceptable it is to confine a human in sense of morality.By the behavior and emotions people generated by media indicates that media can easily influence peoples mental state. Since, Trauma's life is broadcasted 2417 to an extensive audience, it's only right to include commercialism, for profitable purposes. The labels and brands are explicitly shown as well advertised all through the movie whether it is Maroon holding his beer a or posters saying â€Å"Free Range Kaiser Chicken. † By endorsing the products, it promotes and emphasizes positive connections with the brand.Product placement is an advantageous tool to sell merchandise and is shown during the entire movie. One moment that highlighted this point is when Merely excessively describes how marvelous the cocoa is. Her method to endorse the cocoa wasn't genuine however, when someone is constantly bombarding you with information of how great this product is, people will start to believe it's true. Merely also talks about how fancy and functional this kitchen utensil is, because it's peeler, dicer, and grater integrated into a single appliance.Product placement can either be subtle or exaggerated nevertheless it's objective is to leave the audience a long lasting impression, thus unconsciously leading them to purchase the product. Media is critical factor of how society is influenced because how media is perceived whether it'd be deception, endorsements, or feelings developed when looking at media. The â€Å"Truman Show' is a fictional film created to educate the audience that everything on the media isn't authentic or accurate. We should value our own beliefs and not the interpretation the media is portraying.

Psychological Effects on Subprime Mortgage Crisis Essay

The day of owning a home was a wonderful experience that Janet Wilson discovered after closing on her first home. She’s a single mother with two sons and when her loan officer explained that her mortgage loan would be approve and she felt her dream of homeownership will be reality. The closing costs were at a minimum due to the loan officer explained it would be an easy closing with low out of pocket costs. Janet worked for a healthcare organization for several years and was able to save enough money to buy needed furniture for her home. Janet enjoyed her new home and finally felt the independence and accomplishment in her life. At 45 years old, she waited a long time witnessing others in her family and friends reaching that goal of homeownership. Janet desperately wanted to reach that goal as well as experience the feeling of obtaining the American dream. In three years of homeownership she was able to pay her mortgage with no problem and was able to start to re-decorate her home. Her boys loved the neighborhood and had developed close friends their age. Ms.  Wilson forgot all her about her closing until one day she received in the mail a letter from her mortgage company that her interest rate is being increased. Janet saw her new adjusted mortgage payment and she almost fainted with disbelief. She was extremely concern of why she wasn’t informed of this possibility from her loan officer at the initial closing. Janet called the mortgage company and they showed no compassion that made the ordeal even more stressful. Janet did not know what to do and the fear of losing her dream home and not having a roof over her son’s head made the situation completely worse. After a couple of months passed with the increased mortgage payment in effect, Janet was unable to make the mortgage payment so then a barrage of letters was received about a pending planned foreclosure. Janet could not work, sleep, or eat due to the enormous stress about the horrible thought of having no place to live and becoming homeless. The thought of losing her home and turning her life upside down with the automatic backlash on her credit score brought psychological effects to her mentality. She knew it would be harder to get another residence to live with bad credit score and with her limited amount of income. According to Steve Berger’s article; â€Å"Legislators presiding over the subprime crisis hearings should look in the mirror and pose a few hard questions before assigning all blame to â€Å"predatory† lenders and mortgage brokers (Berger, 2007). Ms. Wilson experience was the fundamentals of many other in the mortgage meltdown. With limited regulations in place when Ms. Wilson took out the mortgage loan, the predatory lenders gain an opportunity to make money on the backs of someone else dream. There a great deal of pundits stating that many are to blame and that nearly three out of every four subprime mortgages originated by brokers were either fraudulent or misleading tactics used to trick borrowers and lenders (Bitner, 2008). In the meantime, Janet Wilson is facing foreclosure and in a difficult position to choosing what to do in her stressful crisis. She is torn between trying to save her home with a tight budget or to walk away due to the limited availability – to avoid paying the increased mortgage payment. Janet is listening to every news update on the government attempt to assist homeowners in the mortgage crisis as the investors were assisted. In addition, to the rise of foreclosures across the country similar to the situations like Janet Wilson, the financial industry must and will change in order to bring the United States economy back on track (Lee, 2003). In the meantime, the homeowner is stuck not knowing what tomorrow will bring or if their home will be taken away due to misleading practices.

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Criminal Law - Essay Example A mere revocation of license is not enough to compensate for the preventable death of a person caused by professional negligence resulting from a failure to extend the standard of care and treatment expected from established benchmarks of adequate medical practice (McClellan, 1994) and Kirk Johnsons position is quite understandable as he is lawyering for the AMA. (170) 2. I think that a doctor who caused serious harm due to fatigue, overwork, lack of sleep, inattention, or for any reason should still be held criminally liable because the patient relies on him completely. Although a physician is expected to heal and not to cause harm per their oath, again it is the standard of care that sets the benchmark of what is considered as adequate medical care, including being physically and mentally fit to give or render the expected care that patients want from health care providers. If a doctor is to be allowed the various defenses enumerated earlier, then there is no assurance anymore that patients get the standard of care they deserve. If a doctor feels tired and thinks he cannot perform in any safe manner, then he or she should refrain from practice to avoid a case similar to anesthesiologist Dr. Verbrugge, Sr. (Carlson, 1995).(151) 3. Some of the professions whose members can be held liable for negligence include the police such as not taking good care of suspects while in their custody, lawyers who are ignorant of the law and therefore also considered to fall under the definition of being negligent in their legal practice, teachers who failed to safeguard the students while they were in school, and firefighters who may have failed to save a potential fire victim due to some inadequacies or plain incompetence when they could have saved that person if they were not remiss in their duties. A school teacher is considered as a second or foster parent

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Assignment Example The federal investigators said they were going to conduct corruption investigations involving the City Hall officials (Twickel 1). The United States of America legislators introduced a bill to block visas and assets of some Russians until people responsible for the death of lawyer Sergei Magnitsky were brought to justice. Magnitsky was put under arrest after he accused senior government officials of embezzling government funds. According to the report given, Magnitsky died of health complications in a pretrial detention in Moscow. Human rights activists and Magnitsky colleagues say that he was denied adequate medical treatment during his detention. They also claimed that he was subjected to torturing conditions. The bill was however not welcomed by some Russia government officials. The Foreign Minister warned the US government against passing the bill saying that it will evoke bitter relations with US and undermine cooperation between the two nations (Combined Reports 1). The president of Russia Dmitry Medvedev ordered the Prosecutor General’s Office to conduct investigations into Magnitsky’s deat h. Previous investigations into Magnitsky’s death failed to produce any suspect (The St Petersburg Times

The Promises and Perils of Nuclear Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Promises and Perils of Nuclear Power - Essay Example Fission being a dangerous process needs to have controlling rods or moderators, to control the energy release. Without the presence of these controls, the process may go out of hand leading to a nuclear explosion. These rods are made up of cadmium and hafnium which are elements that are neutron-absorbing in nature and help control the rate of reaction. The elements used for nuclear power production are radioactive in nature; these elements include Uraniumm-235, Plutonium-239 and Uranium-238. Nuclear power has certain advantages as well as disadvantages. Nuclear power production decreases pressure on fossil fuels. Though the initial costs of setting up a nuclear plant is more owing to the elemental costs, the cost of transportation is relatively less. The most significant disadvantage of nuclear power production is the production and elimination of nuclear waste which involves high costs too. The nuclear power reactor market in the United States after the early 1960s can be seen as th e tail end of an increasing returns process (Cowan, 1990) but it depreciated thereafter .Japan, is one of the leading countries that depends on nuclear power for electricity production.30% of Japan’s electricity comes from nuclear reactions. Compared to Japans skyrocketing use of nuclear power, U.S has decreased its use over time. While Japan keeps on building more plants the U.S government have stalled the construction of new plants. Since production of nuclear power is clean and economical, there is a race among many countries to increases their nuclear power (Mahaffey, 2012) and continue to produce their electricity using nuclear reactions. In the past, some extreme nuclear calamities have affected lives worldwide. Through these calamities we have learnt about the extreme nature of nuclear power and its dangerous capabilities. We have learnt to use modern generation II

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civil War between 1848 to 1861 - Essay Example The American civil war erupted in 1861, following the election of Abraham Lincoln; a republican who opposed slavery. There are major events, which took place between 1848 and 1861 leading to the war. One of the major events is the end of the Mexican war in 1848, which meant that America was to surrender the western territories. As a result, new territories became states and the congress passed the â€Å"Compromise of 1850† that made California free to decide whether it would allow slavery or not (Boritt, 1996 p9) Another factor that triggered the civil war was the passing of the fugitive slave act in 1850 to strengthen the compromises act. Under this act, a federal official who failed to arresta runaway slave was liable to fine. Many abolitionists criticized this act and they increased their efforts to fight against slavery.A book entitled Uncle Tom’s cabin, authored by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 is triggered the civil war. The book portrayed the evils of slavery and it changed the perception of northerners on the issue of slavery(McPherson, 1988 p11). The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in 1854 was one of the issues that led to the civil war. This act gave Kansas and Nebraska the mandate to decide to continue with slavery or end it. As a result, there was violence in Kansas as the people who were opposed to slavery and the ones supporting it fought to control the state. This violence influenced the civil war to come. The Lecompton Constitution created in 1857 also caused the civil war. The constitution allowed Kansas to be free from slavery as most of the voters from the stated rejected it(Ray, 1990 p7). John Brown, an abolitionist together with seventeen others who included five black Americans, raided the Harper Ferry on October 1859. Their plan was to seize weapons and start an uprising against slavery. Unfortunately, they were

Bible Dictionary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bible Dictionary - Essay Example The key themes that the letter embraces is the criticism of following the Jewish law, significance of faith that unites both Gentiles and Jews, the need to keep strong in faith as it is the only way to salvation. One would make not mistake suggesting that the purpose of the letter is to make a clear distinction between Christianity as a new religious tradition and Judaism or Judeo-Christianity that was popular at the time. In addition to that, the epistle in question shares some details about the past of Paul: he talks about his conversion, the acquaintance with Peter, his apostolic mission. Other then Peter, the author also mentions some other Christian communities in Europe as well as other nations that he encountered during his journey. Philemon was one of the early Christians who dwelled in Asia Minor. He was born in the first decade of the first century of Common Era and died when he was sixty eight. There are no detailed dates of his life. It is thought that Philemon was born in the city of Colossae. When Paul the Apostle was on his mission Philemon was able to meet the saint and the latter converted him into Christianity. One should note that Philemon was a rather wealthy Christian which allowed him to give shelter other Christians. That is why the latter were always welcome in his house which served as a church too. However, in the end of his life he and his wife Apphia were killed by the Gentiles which made them glorious martyrs. Being a hospitable Christian, Philemon was able to meet not only Paul the Apostle, but also other less known Christians. In addition to that, it was not only his wife, but also Archippus and Onesimus who were killed by the Gentiles. That is why all these four individuals are thought be martyrs as they suffered a horrible death for Jesus Christ. Speaking of the legacy, one should note that Philemon was a prominent Christian, as Paul the Apostle

What do the freedman's bureau papers tell about african american life Term Paper

What do the freedman's bureau papers tell about african american life in the reconstruction era - Term Paper Example This bureau was established in the year 1865 after a debate was raised against its establishment and it took care of all matters concerning the refugees who lived in the southern states which were mainly under reconstruction following the destruction of property and land after the civil war. The bureau depended on funds and stuff contribution since there were no funds allocated to it by the central government. Commissioner General O.O Howard took control of the freedman bureau after being appointed by President Andrew Johnson and he was assisted by deputy commissioners appointed by the senate of each of the ten states which were undergoing reconstruction. The freedmen’s bureau got its funds from selling and renting the land confiscated in the south during the war though the president returned the lands the initial owners which led to lack of funds to the bureau. This move by the president caused the crisis among the freed slaves since the land was also their source of funding also making the bureau strain in providing the freed slaves with basic necessities due to lack of funds. The freedman’s bureau is believed to have made a great impact during the reconstruction period by helping the freed slaves in reconstructing their livelihoods though it encountered the following difficulties which led to its failure in proving social welfare to the freed slaves.: 1. Lack of funds The main source of funding for the freedman’s bureau was selling and renting of the confiscated land after the civil war. This source of funding was cut short after the president returned the confiscated land to their original owners hence making it difficult for the bureau to provide the freed slaves with basic amenities since they were in the initial stages of reconstructing their livelihoods (Louisa 55–56). 2. Weak organization of the bureaus internal structure The bureau structure was made up of the commissioner who was appointed by the president the assistant co mmissioners appointed by the senate of the states under reconstruction and agents who were appointed by the commissioner and assistant commissioners. This mode of appointment intuited that the bureau was not an independent authority since the commissioners and their assistant depended on decisions made by the authority which appoints them. This prevented them from implementing their decisions, which favored the freedmen welfare (Freedman Bureau NP). 3. Opposition from conservatives The freedman’s bureau faced a lot of opposition especially from the senate members of the northern states. This made it difficult for the bureau to implement most of its projections, which had to be passed through the senate for implementation. Some of these projections included: provision of basic needs to the freedmen and freed women in southern states. Despite many challenges faced by the freeman bureau, it contributed a lot during the reconstruction period in Virginia states, which was among th e ten southern states undergoing reconstruction after the war (Freedman Bureau NP). The bureau helped the freedmen and women during reconstruction in the following ways: 1. Provision of social services During slavery, the African-American community was denied access to social amenities such as schools, hospitals, churches and entertainment. Establishment of schools by the Freemans bureau helped the African-American community to gain access to formal education, which enabled them to learn more of their history and helped them to integrate in the modern American society (Francis Rollin). The black community in America had been denied access to religion during slavery the freeman’s bureau helped to establish churches which gave the African community a sense of belonging to a particular religion

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SPECIAL EDUCATION Essay - 1

ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION IN SPECIAL EDUCATION - Essay Example Everyone is not born similar. Different children have different learning patterns. Some children learn better through demonstration and diagrams, some learn better by doing things themselves while others learn just by grasping things quickly. Children with different learning abilities respond differently to what they are taught in schools. The purpose of the assessment is to help children with learning difficulty to understand their natural learning pattern and to design and create special and nurturing learning environment for them so that they find learning easy and productive. Richard and Schiefelbusch (1991) described assessment as â€Å"a multilevel process, beginning with screening procedures and continuing through diagnosis, planning of intervention, and program monitoring and evaluation† (Gargiulo & Kilgo, 2005, p.90). The assessment of a child is done with a purpose of knowing his abilities, his inherent qualities, his strengths and the areas where he faces difficulties. Assessment should not only aim at knowing why the child is finding it difficult to learn but also to provide a plan to cure his difficulties. The purpose of assessment is to help the child, his parents and his teachers to work together and create a positive environment which caters to his special needs and hence, make the process of learning easy and fun for him. This not only enhances the learning ability but also helps in encouraging the child to come out with his hidden abilities which were somehow suppressed till now because of the lack of the compatible environmental fac tors. However, purpose of the assessment is not being fulfilled as it ignores the importance of the external

Argumentative Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Argumentative - Research Paper Example Sugarmann (2001) found that between 1962 and 2001, an astonishing 670,000 Americans were killed by handguns, and that ‘Our nation leads the industrialized world in firearms violence of all types’ (p. 177). Spitzer (2008) agrees that in recent years, ‘more than 30,000 Americans have been killed annually as the result of the homicidal, accidental, and suicidal use of guns’ (p. 7). This problem takes on even more worrying proportions when the American statistics are compared with those of other democratic and industrialized countries. In 1995, for example, the United States firearms death rate was 13.7 per 100,000, in Canada it was 3.9 per 100,000 and in England and Wales it was just 0.4 per 100,000 (Sugarmann, 2001, p. 178). The perhaps surprising gulf between the statistics for the United States and for other countries prompted DeConde (2001) to ask, ‘Why†¦with all its wealth and power, has the United States failed time and again to establish a leg al structure that†¦would confine gun violence within bounds at least comparable to those of other advanced democratic countries?’ (p. 6). Guns in America are relatively cheap, readily available, and not regulated to any effective extent. In the other countries mentioned above, tighter gun laws which mainly keep weapons out of the hands of private citizens are an effective safeguard against firearms violence, but in America no effective regulations exist. The gun control debate is regularly intensified by appalling examples of unrestrained gun violence, as has recently occurred with the shootings at Tucson, Arizona. By taking another of these events as an example, we will see how existing gun control regulations are failing. In 1998, Russell Weston, Jr. managed to smuggle a gun into the Capitol building in Washington D.C., and killed two police officers and wounded a bystander before he could be stopped. Weston had previously spent time in a mental hospital in Montana, a fact which should have excluded him from purchasing handguns, but he was still able to obtain an Illinois gun license. In this case, it was the lack of an effective national system for sharing records which was to blame, but in other cases it has been the scarce legislation in some states, and the lack of comprehensive and effective background checks. Furthermore, there appears to be strong popular support for great controls on guns in the United States. Canter (2006) examined the findings of polls by Gallup and Harris, among other national surveyors, and found that they ‘consistently reveal strong support (85-90 per cent)for the Brady Law, even among gun owners (75-80 per cent’ (p.36). The Brady law was passed in 1993, and introduced a 5-day waiting period for handgun purchases, during which background checks were to be conducted to ascertain if the purchaser was suitable. Brady, incidentally, was wounded when defending President Reagan from gunfire, and has since been a prominent campaigner on gun controls. Anti-thesis Several anti-gun control groups, and notably the National Rifle Association (NRA) have long claimed that tighter gun control laws would not be the best approach to tackling gun violence in the United States. As the prominent NRA slogan states, ‘Guns don’t kill; people do’ (Canter, 2006, p.3). It should be noted that organizations such as the NRA use their considerable financial influence to lobby politicians in

Journal Article Summary and Application Essay Example for Free

Journal Article Summary and Application Essay This paper presents the summary of the article â€Å"Staff development and student learning: A synthesis of research on models of teaching† by Bruce Joyce, Beverly Showers and Carol Rolheiser-Bennett published in the Educational Leadership on October of 1987. The second half of the paper will discuss how the findings of this paper could be applied to real life situations. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate that theoretical assumptions of the authors about staff development can actually be used to enhance curriculums that would result to increased student performance. Summary This article argues that staff development must be and can be used to develop school programs and curriculums that would result to increased student performance and better learning. The authors discussed that the recent developments in the field of staff development have been very useful in designing new educational programs for students because the findings of said research have provided educational leaders the guide to which staff development can enhance student learning, provided innovative ideas and programs for more student involvement and a wider application of the different learning models. The authors assumed that the theoretical models and program designs that could be adopted to effectively improve student performance would only work in as much as how effectively the staff has been developed and trained. Thus, for the authors, staff development should come first before any improvements or programs can be designed and developed. The most important aspect of the measure of student performance and improvement was the effect size. According to the authors, effect size is akin to the level of change or value that was supposed to have occurred due to an intervening process or variable. Effect size can be used to determine how much the improvement was relative to its original value, effect size is important because it could tell just how effective the intervention was in bringing about change. On the other hand, the authors also pointed out that high effect size is desired but often a small effect size for a large number of people is more desirable as it would bring about greater change. The authors also discussed the teaching models that have been found to have yielded promising results and those that have been applied successfully in some research studies. Social models of learning refers to group and cooperative learning against individual learning, it has been found that students who learn by cooperation and group work are more socially equipped, have better self-concept and positive attitudes to learning. The authors recommend that staff development on how to teach cooperative learning can actually lead to better academic performance. Information processing models make use of the learning process as the strategy to help students retain more information and learn more in a given period. The authors mentioned the use of advanced organizers and mnemonics, which both had been proven to increase student learning and output but this would require intensive training of teachers and a highly technical staff development program. The personal models refer to the use of person centered learning experiences; the authors said that synectics and nondirective learning would help students learn both academically and personally. However, some have argued that the personal models would likely have lesser academic impact because it focuses on the person. The behavioral models were taken from the work of Skinner and it makes use of the different behavioral methods such as programmed learning, conditioning, reinforcement and the like. Much research have actually found that behavioral methods are effective in increasing student performance and this have been the focus of many staff development programs. The authors also identified specific teaching methods that could be used to increase student performance across levels such as wait time and teacher expectation and student achievement. Wait time refers to the process of allowing students enough time to think about the teacher’s questions while teacher expectation says that there are differential treatments in the classroom. The authors conclude that designing staff development programs should make use of the most effective working models and strategies and that this should be the focus of administrators who wishes to see their schools improve. Application The article has pointed out several learning models that could be used effectively to enhance student learning and this could actually be applied to the design of staff development programs. The assumption here is that teachers could not teach what they do not have, and since these models are not the conventional models and traditional ones teachers have been trained to do, it is imperative that staff development be able to teach teachers the exact method and process for a more effective classroom experience. For example, a staff development program on using nondirective learning should start with an input on the theoretical and technical aspects of the model, and then a workshop on how to carry out classroom interaction within this model can be demonstrated to the teachers and then critiqued by the group and resource speaker. Then the second part of the training session would be to have the teachers design a lesson plan and demonstrate it to the group and a series of critiquing would also be done to help teachers see their weaknesses and strengths in using the model and then be able to make improvements. The experiential learning was used in this design as adult learners learn more effectively in this way. References Joyce Bruce, Showers, Beverly and Rolheiser-Bennett, Carol. â€Å"Staff Development and Student Learning: A Synthesis of Research on Models of Teaching. † Educational Leadership 45/2 (1987): 11-23.

A Christian Music Guide

A Christian Music Guide Music forms an integral part of all communities and religions. Christian music is no exception to that. Christian music primarily consists of the music played and sung in churches for the purpose of worshipping and praising the Lord. Christian music has different forms and has a different name for each form. However, Christian music also conforms to the music outside the regular church service. The various forms of Christian music include anthem, antiphon, cantata, chant, chorale, hymn, mass, motet, plainsong, carol and oratorio. An anthem is a song sung with a religious or political significance having a meaning itself. An anthem can be sung in church or any other place with or without any other companions. By Christian terminology it often denotes a song sung for praising loyalty. An antiphon is sung after the narration of a psalm or canticle in response to it. A cantata is performed primarily by a group of people who sing in the church and are known as the choir. However, a cantata can also comprise of solo performances accompanied by musical instruments. A chant is a repeated utterance of short and simple words or syllables sung in the same tone and melody. A chorale is a German hymn known to be much more simpler than the English ones. They came into existence to replace the plainsongs in order to be sung to announce the congregation participation in the liturgy. A hymn is sung as note of thanksgiving, devotion and praise towards the lord almighty. A mass is sung to celebrate public celebrations mostly in the Roman Catholic Churches and a few Protestant Churches. A motet comprises of the sacred text, mostly from the Bible, and is usually sung alone without any companion. Any Christian song sung without the restrictions of meter are known as plainsong. Often plainsong is also sung alone. A carol usually celebrates joy and celebration such as the Christmas carols. They are accompanied with dancing and loud singing in groups. An oratorio is a musical composition accompanied with orchestra and chorus depicting a sacred tale without any kind of stage enactments. The Christian music has evolved over the years keeping in tact its tradition and customs and yet, giving way for the contemporary Christian music, largely influenced by the secular music. The music from the different gospels along with the Christian Country Music is the most popular forms of music in the US. Christian Pop Music Pop music is considered to be the short form of popular music. Pop music generally appeals to the teenage and young section of the listeners. It is mostly accompanied by electronic musical equipments and is characterized by a heavy rhythmic pattern. The themes may include personal or loud group emotions, although the most common and popular themes are derived from emotional or physical love themes. Christian pop music found its existence in the term Contemporary Christian Music in the year 1970, which was based on Christian Faith. The music derived its root from the hippie Jesus Movement, from which the genre of Jesus Music began. In the early days, Christian pop music consisted of folk pop songs depicting the artists belief and faith in Jesus. Soon, Christian pop music became quite popular and began being aired on various radio stations and sold in local stores. Popular artists like Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith made the Christian pop music a flourishing Industry by 1980 when millions of their records started getting sold. The early Christian pop music was divided into four main groups known as the separatist, purist, spiritually reflective and incidental positions. Each group prophesied their own view in deciding the motive and themes of the pop music and composed music accordingly. Eventually, this separate genre of music was opposed by some of the other artists who deviated from this genre to form other Christian music genres such as hip hop, punk, alternative, metal etc. Some of these artists include Lost Dogs, Joy Electric etc. In the present scenario however, Christian pop music has found its place beside all the other existing genres of Christian music. The contemporary pop music is a combination of inspirational, sacred, gospels and emotions strains. Over the years, quite a number of artists have made Christian pop music durable and popular among the young generations. Christian Music Charts Music charts usually functions as an overall rating report of the contemporary songs based on their popularity and music quality. Like every other genre of music, songs belonging to the Christian music also find its way up and down the music charts decided by the various criterions. An overall survey is done through various means of communications such as Internet polls, sms and of course letters and online public forums. Based on this survey a song would enter the hit chart and find its position on the top slot. These positions may vary from one week to another as new songs and albums keep entering the music charts. As a result, the song or album, which was on the top slot a week before, can lose its position and come down the rating charts. The way of airing and popularizing a song or an album, are the various radio stations and innumerable television channels. These radio stations and television channels help in making these songs and albums popular, which in turn help them enter the music charts. However, these music charts are not always the best way to judge the quality of a song or an album. Often, it might be possible that a really good song has not been able to enter the music charts because it is not a part of a very high budget project. In that case song does not appear on air or television channels and thus is not a part of the top music charts of a country or state. Usually Christian music charts are divided according to the different genres of Christian music such as Contemporary, Rock, Adult Contemporary, Inspirational, Pop to name a few. However, they can also show an overall rating combining all the genres and types of music prevalent. The songs and albums are often listed starting with the most popular ones on top and the count going up with the following numbers. Christian music charts can be found in the various online websites, and are transmitted through multiple radio and television channels regularly. Christian Karaoke Music The word Karaoke derives its meaning from the combination of two Japanese terms. Kara in Japanese means empty or void and oke means orchestra. Together they formed Karaoke to establish a different genre of Christian music. Karaoke music is a live performance by the artist accompanied by a pre-recorded orchestra. It is very popular in a lot of places, including stage performances. The pre-recorded orchestra and video displays act as a guide to the singer whose microphone volume is usually kept low. The singer merely lips the songs, which are already played in the background. Christian Karaoke music shows usually take place in open areas such as parks, fairs and other public get-togethers, which provides a platform for all those who are not so confident about their singing alone. The pre-recorded voice helps them to sing along and yet participate in the shows. This also serves as another way of spreading the word of God providing the flexibility of local gatherings instead of going to the church. Christian Karaoke music often consists of hymns and other popular genres of Christian music which, when played and participated by the general people help in making them popular. Although, usual Karaoke music is popular in bars and nightclubs Christian Karaoke Music do not associate itself with such places and is mostly comprised of gospels, carols and other religious streams. Singing along with the Karaoke has become a popular profession and various websites have come up to train the singer about the ways off singing in a Christian Karaoke. Christian Karaoke Music lists are available on most online music shopping websites with the latest and most popular artists and albums in store. However, it is advisable to compare and check the different sites and price rates offered by them before buying a certain album. Prices may vary depending on the popularity and music chart ratings of an album.

Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay

Digital Forensic Computers Forensic Forensic Models Information Technology Essay Today the increasing number of computer and electronics components has demanded the use of Digital forensic showing that the digital forensics can be implemented in specialized fields of law enforcement, computer security, and national defense. In the information technology period, information stored in the devices are digital as mostly the institution or organization use computer storage media as compare to paper used by writers, scholars, scientists, musicians, and public figures. This gives new challenges to these concern persons related to accessing and preserving information, data recovery and maintaining trust. In this article, review of the currently available investigation processes, methodologies, different tools used by forensics experts and finally a conclusion will be done. Keywords Digital Forensic, Computer Forensic, Forensic Models, Computer Forensic Investigation, Digital Forensic Methods, Forensic Techniques, Forensic Tools Introduction Digital forensics is the branch of forensic involving the recovery and investigation of material found in digital devices due to incident of computer crime occurrence. Digital forensic is a synonym for the computer forensic in early start but today it includes other area of investigation like computer, database, and network, mobile which are capable of storing digital data. Due to much advancement in various types of technology devices, media, digital forensics has defined the sub branches according to the investigation required. One of the digital forensics branches are Computer forensics, Mobile device forensics, Network forensics, Forensic data analysis and Database forensics. Computer forensics involves the examination of the digital media stored in the computers for investigation purpose, mobile forensic is recovery of digital evidence from a mobile device, network forensic is the getting evidence related to network traffic, information gathering or evidence collection of intrusion detection, forensic data analysis is investigate the pattern of fraudulent action using structure data while the final one is database forensic is the study of databases and their metadata including the its contents, log files and in-RAM data investigation. When the computer forensic is in consideration usually three different sets of people from Law Enforcement agencies, Military, Business Industry are involved with the intention of tracking down attackers/hackers and criminals who attack the security of systems and use computers for unauthorized activities. Computer Forensic address the issues of National and Information Security, Corporate Espionage, White Collar Crime, Child Pornography, Traditional Crime, Incident Response, Employee Monitoring, Privacy Issues. In the following this paper start with investigation phases, methods and techniques and tools how this information helps the novice in the computer, network, mobile and database forensic. Forensic Methodologies à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Phases of Computer Forensic Before discussing the forensic methodologies one should be familiar with the few terms of forensic terms. One of them is forensic evidence. A brief overview of evidence, categorization, rules, standard guide, and its basic principles in order to ensure the chain of custody will be outlined. Evidence is any item or information gathered at the scene of a crime, or at related locations, which is found to be relevant to an investigation. There are many different types of evidence, from DNA and tire marks, to bloodstains and fingerprints Evidence should be Admissible, Authentic, Complete, Reliable and Believable. Evidence chain of custody protects its integrity. It can be categorized as primary (best type evidence using documentation), secondary (Oral or eye witness), direct, conclusive, circumstantial, corroborative and opinion evidence. There are guides available for Computer Based Evidence e.g. By Association of Chief Police Officers. During evidence collection following principle should be strictly followed by investigator There should be no change of data on a computer or other media taken Person should be competent while accessing original data held on a target computer Audit trail or other record of all processes applied to computer-based evidence should be created and preserved. He will ensure the law and principles of possession and access to information contained in a computer. So many forensic investigation processes have been developed till now. The objective in this paper is to make the forensic investigation process or model with common phases of forensic to perform the intended investigation as compared to others model. Few models that exist are mentioned below. Computer Forensic Investigative Process (1984) Abstract Digital Forensics Model (ADFM) (2002) Enhanced Digital Investigation Process Model (EDIP) (2004) Computer Forensics Field Triage Process Model (CFFTPM) (2006) Scientific Crime Scene Investigation Model (2001) Common Process Model for Incident and Computer Forensics (2007) Network Forensic Generic Process Model (2010) Here is the generic investigation process namely the Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model (GCFIM) proposed in this article that share the common phases with previously developed models. Figure below, demonstrate the proposed GCFIM. Model (GCFIM).JPG Pre Process is the first phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase the tasks are linked to other tasks that required to be completed before the investigating and collecting the official data. These tasks are having the required approval from concern authority, preparing and setting up of the tools to be utilized, etc. Acquisition and Preservation is the second phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. In this phase tasks performed related to the acquiring and collecting evidence in acceptable manner in which concern data is together base on the accepted methods utilizing a variety of recovery techniques, then the task is identifying the digital components from the acquired evidence, and finally in this phase the tasks are transporting, storing and preserving of data such as creating a good quality case management and ensuring an acceptable chain of custody. Overall, this phase is where all concern data are captured, stored and presented for the next phase. Analysis is the third phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This is the core and the heart of the forensic investigation process. It has the largest part of phases including the tasks such as evidence tracing and validation, recovery of hidden or encrypted data, data mining, and timeline etc. Different types of analysis are performed on the acquired data using the appropriate tools and techniques to recognize the source of crime and eventually discovering the person accountable of the crime. Presentation is the fourth phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. The finding from analysis phase are documented and presented to the authority with expert testimony. The documentation presented also includes the adequate and acceptable evidence in order to understand by the concern party easily. The final outcome from this phase is either to prove or disprove the alleged criminal acts. Post-Process is the last phase of Generic Computer Forensic Investigation Model. This phase concerns only the appropriate finishing of the investigation work. Digital and physical evidence should be appropriately handed over to the authorize owner and kept in secure place, if required. Finally but not the last, if there is a need to review the investigative process in each phase it should be done for the perfection of the future investigations. Challenges during Forensic Investigation There are some technical, legal, resource as well as general and specific challenges during the investigators face. Technical challenges are faced in finding the criminals over the internet; legal challenges are the result of not competitive with the currently technology, social environment and structure while the challenges in resources that the support should be available in all levels. The challenges that are faced during computer forensic in general and specific are the tools or techniques limitation from the private sector, no standard definition and agreements of computer crime, no proper background availability to perform testing, huge number of Operating System platforms and file formats due to which unavailability of experts with true titles. Other than these challenges during investigation it may take large space of memory from Gigabytes to Terabytes or even may require the storage area network. For computer forensic expert it is also challenging to have the expertise in RA ID level, embedded system along with Network and Grid computing. Forensic Tools Now in the following few of the forensic tools in the domain of computer, network, mobile, database and some others are briefly described. Reason for Using Computer Forensics Tools There are multiple reasons for choosing the computer forensics tools like systems utilized by the defendants and litigants, to recover the lost data in case of hardware or software malfunction, to investigate about the computer usage in case of employee termination or when the system is attacked by an intruder. To investigate computer crimes different computer forensic tools like disk imaging software for the file structure and hard disk content can be used, for comparing the data between original and copy Hashing tools can be used which assigns unique number for violation verification and for recovery the lost data or deleted data recovery programs can be used. Similarly software and hardware write tools can be used to reconstruct the hard drive bit by bit as these tools generate the copy of hard disk. Encase is well know commercial tool that can perform various tasks like disk imaging and verification and analysis of data while PC Inspector File Recovery is a free tool helps in revealing and recovering the contents stored in any type of storage media that is connected with the computer even if the content is deleted. Network forensics Network forensics deals with the capture, recording or analysis of network events in order to discover evidential information about the source of security attacks in a court of law. There is a tool known as eMailTrackerPro that can track down the sender message by detecting the IP address in the header. If there is a need to view all information like IP address, country information or domain information SmartWhoIs can be used as free available network utility. To perform the web forensic famously known tool Mandiant Web Historian can help forensic examiner to verify how the intruders looked into the different sites by reviewing the history files of web site. Other tool Index.dat can be used to view the browsing history, the cookies and the cache as it gives the critical information about a cookie like its key-value pair, the website address associated with the cookie, the date/time the cookie was first created and last accessed and etc. Ethereal is network packet analyzer, WinPcap is the packet capture tool used to capture the packets and AirPcap is the packet capture tool for the IEEE 802.11b/g Wireless LAN interfaces. Mobile Forensics Mobile forensics as the name implies is to investigate data from mobile device for evidence purpose regardless of the mobile system of GSM / GPRS / WIFI technology. Investigator concentrate on either call data or SMS/Email data with the help of different commercial, non commercial, open source, command line or physical mobile forensic tools. The forensics process for mobile devices differ in these three main categories: seizure, acquisition, and examination/analysis while other aspects of the computer forensic process still apply. Some Commercial Forensic Tools include AccessDatas MPE+, FINALMobile Forensics by FINALDATA, Oxygen Forensic Suite, while Open source tools include iPhone Analyzer, the Mobile Internal Acquisition Tool, and TULP2G plug-ins. Performing mobile forensic using command line System commands, AT modem commands and Unix command dd can be used. Database Forensic Tools used for database forensic are ACL, Idea and Arbutus as it is the forensic study of databases and their metadata. These tools record action in the documented form about the forensic expert on the database as he uses database contents, log files and in-RAM data. Still there is need to do research in this field to perform database forensic that demands skill experts. Conclusion The information provided in this article helps the reader with basic understanding of digital forensic and its branches with the aim to do further research in specific area of this field. Different Forensic methodologies are outlined in order to give the choice to forensic expert to choose this methodology or design his own process model. Further the different tools especially the open source one can enhance the forensic expert skills. Today the technology is advancing very rapidly and developing skills in multiple areas enhances the professional career and money value of the individual.

DBQ 1820s 1830s Essay -- essays research papers

For quite some time Americans have been led to believe that during the 1820s and 30s, Jacksonian Democrats were the guardians of the people, and worked to improve the nation for the people. The truth remains, however, that during this period, President Jackson vetoed a bill to recharter the Bank of the United States of America, infringed on the rights of Native Americans, used â€Å"brute† force to bring Southerners under submission during the Tariff of 1832. He enacted the Spoils System which did not guarantee the best leadership, and was morally corrupt. Although the nation’s economy and political democracy flourished during the reign of President Jackson, constitutional rights, equal opportunity and individual liberties were discouraged. In her 1834 visit to America, british author Harriet Martineau wrote of the nation’s economy being strong and properous. The absence of poverty and ignorance and independence of every man are some of the observations she recorded (D). The national economy did in fact boom during the 1820s and early 30s. With Samuel Slater’s introduction of the â€Å"Factory System† to America, and Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, the United States’ speed in manufacturing textiles increased rapidly. In 1837, however, America experienced a tremendous financial depression. Bad land speculation, and the fall of the Federal Bank (due to Jackson’s failure to recharter the Bank in 1832) were the two main factors that caused the financial crisis. ...

Multicultural Education Means Mediocre Education, Part II :: miscellaneous

Multicultural Education Means Mediocre Education, Part II I had taught high school and middle school English and social studies in a public school system for thirty-four years, retiring from the teaching profession in July of 1999. Any observations, opinions and conclusions I make about Multicultural Education are not theoretical: they are pragmatically based on experience and my interactions with over four thousand students. And I have been scrutinizing and studying Multicultural Education for four decades now and have heard too-many-times the lackluster educational jargon originating from college professors and from misguided advocates of M.E., and quite frankly those â€Å"elitist arguments† have become rather redundant, hackneyed and monotonous, and to think that I once wholeheartedly espoused those ethereal Multicultural Education principles as an idealistic teacher beginning my career back in September of 1965. Despite the â€Å"Happy Face† that supporters of Multicultural Education are attempting to promote and propagandize, one distinct adjective comes to mind whenever I think about Multicultural Education and that particular word is â€Å"insidious.† To the unsuspecting layman or college student â€Å"Diversity through M.E.† is a nifty catch phrase that sounds awfully noble and pleasant to the ears upon hearing its utterance, but the process known as Multicultural Education is actually quite detrimental to the implementation of effective American education. I deliberately describe the scourge as insidious because over the past forty years M.E. has imperceptibly and very cunningly been introduced, advanced and perpetuated by its militant proponents without the American public realizing exactly how harmful, how treacherous and how detrimental the seemingly benign terminology appears to be. First of all, Multicultural Education never clearly defines and identifies itself to the American public for what it really is. U.S, citizens automatically equate and associate M.E. with Bilingual Education and ESL (English as a Second Language), which the clever campaigners for M. E. never lucidly delineate and differentiate. Bilingual Education and ESL are indeed definite, positive, beneficial and necessary programs in our American public schools. Those two activities encourage and facilitate the cultural â€Å"Melting Pot† ideal whereby immigrant and certain minority students learn English and ESL and are hopefully successfully assimilated into American society after two-to-four years of exposure to a new language and a new culture. But Multicultural Education is the complete opposite and inverse of Bilingual Education and ESL. M.E. deceitfully and deliberately does not accurately distinguish itself from Bilingual Education and ESL to the unwary American public.

History of Danish Cinema

The Danish â€Å"Golden Age† of cinema is owed almost wholly to Nordisk Films Compagni and the strategic decisions it made in the early 1910s to differentiate its films in order to ensure a strong exportation of its product. Likewise, the demise of Denmark’s film industry is owed in part to Nordisk and its inability to deviate from its profitable formula for successful film among an ever-evolving industry.This paper will examine Denmark’s quick rise to cinematic influence during its Golden Age, detail the changes Nordisk and other Danish filmmakers made and the subsequent impact on cinema internationally, as well as investigate possible reasons for the fall of both Nordisk and Denmark. Danish film had a relatively late start–its first production company, Nordisk Films Compagni, wasn’t established until 1906 (Engberg 63). Ole Olsen, the founder of Nordisk, was a businessman who owned a cinema and saw both the extreme demand for film and lack of suppl y internationally.He focused his efforts on exporting films and by the end of 1906 had a branch in Berlin and representatives in several countries across Europe. By 1910 Nordisk utilized vertical integration to become one of the largest film production companies in Europe and usher in the Golden Age of Danish cinema, from 1911-1914. At this time Nordisk was the second largest film firm in the world behind Pathe in France, producing several hundred films a year (Neergaard 218). 1910 was a landmark year where Nordisk sought to differentiate itself and increase exports.A new artistic director, August Blom, ushered in Denmark’s golden era along with a host of new, strict rules about what kinds of films to produce. Nordisk dramatically reduced its production of period pieces (â€Å"costume films†) and instead focused on realistic films about the middle-class set in the present. A new emphasis was placed on scriptwriters, who were instructed to create stories that were simpl e and easily understood internationally, meaning fewer intertitles and an increased importance on clarity in the film (Engberg 65).In addition to attention to clarity, Nordisk sought realistic settings, reserved acting in contrast to the theatrical performances of actors in south Europe, and directors who, constantly employed as a result of the sheer volume of films Nordisk produced, could hone their craft (Neergaard 218). Another important event in 1910 was propagated by a minor Danish production company, Fotorama, that took a risk and showed a film, The White Slave Traffic, which far exceeded the unofficial industry standard of 15 minutes.The 30-minute film was was a huge success in Denmark and forced Nordisk and other production companies globally to create longer, multi-reel films to meet audience demand. This transition to longer films was revolutionary in terms of artistic possibilities, storytelling, and evolution of the film medium (Engberg 65). The first actress to seize th e artistic possibilities of film’s longer running time was Asta Neilsen, whose performance in The Abyss (produced by Kosmorama in 1910) was slow and subdued, in contrast with most actors’ more rushed, frenetic performances encouraged by the need to convey the story quickly.Audiences were captivated by Neilsen’s performance, as was Nordisk, which incorporated this form of acting into its new direction. The Abyss was a hit in Denmark and abroad, ushering in a new era of artistry in acting and making Neilsen Europe’s first film star (Engberg 65). Nordisk understood the importance of exportation and catering to the markets they exported to. As Nordisk grew they catered to audiences in different markets: for example, before 1917 Nordisk exported many films to Russia.Russian audiences loved dramatic, sad endings, so Nordisk would create endings specifically for the Russian market with these elements (Engberg 67). Nordisk continued to export all over Europe and the United States, where it held a branch, The Great Northern Film Company, ensuring that film-hungry audiences in American were exposed to Denmark’s films through renting and then direct sales (Mottram 80). While Danish cinema enjoyed great success before World War I, the country’s Golden Age began to dim around the same time the war ended.The impact of WWI on Danish cinema was mixed, as exports to surrounding countries like Germany and Russia were helped by Denmark’s central geographic location. However, as countries began banning imports to stimulate their own film industry, Denmark suffered (Bordwell 64). Furthermore, Nordisk’s films began to wear on audiences who did get to see them. The adherence to a formula that had previously worked well for Denmark but had been built upon and improved in other countries like Switzerland signaled the beginning of the end. Ebbe Neergaard, a pioneering Danish film critic, wrote in 1958 that dditional rules Nordisk implemented in 1915 began the downfall of Danish cinema. â€Å"In Denmark there was no room for experiments, for seriousness, or for individuality in a director, as there was, for instance, in Germany. Yet the only way the film industry of a small country can compete with the products of the bigger industries is to make strikingly individualistic or strikingly documentary feature films. † (222). Though Nordisk and other Danish films pioneered artistic advances in the form before the war, they could not evolve from this and were surpassed after World War I.Between 1918 and 1939 Denmark’s output diminished as Nordisk’s films became less successful. Neergaard attributes this to the â€Å"naivete of her producers† (221), who upheld their â€Å"snobbish standards† and failed to evolve with the medium as â€Å"elsewhere film art grew up to feel an independent responsibility. † (221). Nordisk did try and revitalize itself in the early twenties by e mploying Carl Dreyer, now considered one of the best film directors of all time. He made two films for Nordisk beginning in 1920: one inspired by D. W.Griffith’s Intolerance titled Pages Out of the Book of Satan, that utilized exceptional acting and editing. However, Dreyer soon moved around Europe to produce more experimental films without the constraints of Nordisk, a move echoed by many of the talent in Denmark, furthering Nordisk’s and Denmark’s fall (Neergaard 221). Perhaps Denmark’s cinematic output wouldn’t have diminished during this time had Nordisk not been so dominant, but the vertically integrated company was the film industry in Denmark, and its failure was Denmark’s failure.As far as industry is concerned, Denmark’s Nordisk was very similar to France’s Pathe. Both companies dominated not only their respective countries but also international cinema in the early 1910s (Bordwell 62). Like Nordisk, Pathe made several missteps that caused it to lose dominance before WWI. Pathe, like Nordisk, became too focused on profits and cut costs on production harming the quality (Bordwell 62). Nordisk’s inability to deviate from its proven (and profitable) film rules was part of its demise as well.However, unlike Denmark, France’s film industry was comprised of many smaller film production companies as well as another dominant firm, Gaumont, so when Pathe faltered or as Hollywood films took hold, the industry was able to continue. With just one dominant company in Denmark, the national cinema failed with the company. Denmark’s primary cinematic period (its Golden Age) was the only portion of early Danish cinematic history devoted to any significant research or commentary. I primarily used essays from film critics and scholars from Denmark written from more modern times.I couldn’t find any primary or secondary documents detailing the specificities of distribution and exhibition; it seemed that this topic was so obviously dominated by Nordisk that little discussion needed to be devoted to it. Similarly, details to what Denmark imported film-wise were scarce: I can only presume the industry to be similar to that of the rest of Europe, meaning imported films from the rest of the continent and America. Works Cited Bordwell, David, and Kirstin Thompson. Film History: An Introduction. New York:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McGraw Hill, 2003.Print. Engberg, Margeurite. â€Å"The Erotic Melodrama in Danish Silent Films 1910-1918. †Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Film History  5. 1 (1993): 63-67. JSTORE. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. . Mottram, Ron. â€Å"The Great Northern Film Company: Nordisk Film in the American     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Motion Picture Market. †Ã‚  Film History  2. 1 (1988): 71-86. JSTOR. Web. 24     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sept. 2011. . Neergaard, Ebbe. â€Å"The Rise, the Fall, and the Rise of Danish Film. †Ã‚  Hollywood     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Q uarterly  4. 3 (1950): 217-232. Print.

Global Culture and New Culture Essay

The image of Global Culture is be as the whim of a iodin world gloss wherein the earths inhabitants leave alone lose their pagan variety tell and single socialization will be experienced by all muckle (Oregon State University, 2008). At present, this kind of phenomenon is superstar of the well-nigh contr all oversial issues that is beingness discusses and debated by numerous scholars in particular in its coition to the changes that is currently happening in the world. However, the idea of a global culture is not a new subject matter, as it had been savvyd by previous leading light personalities.This is greatly exemplified by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel as they discussed the concept of global culture in the communist manifesto. The commie pronunciamento is considered as one of the worlds nearly prestigious political manuscripts in which the purposes and program of the commie League is written. Nevertheless, this document as well tackled the communist Leagues criticism of the worldly-minded In order to so, they likewise gave their intuition of global culture and how this phenomenon affects the guild.Marx and Engel began the commie pronunciamento by stating that the foundation all breathing societies is the history of descriptor engagement. They pointed break that beforehand(predicate) epochs up to the time that the manifesto was attaind the society is al moods composed of competing classes that ar to the highest degree appropriately described as the oppressor and the oppressed. The maturement and revolutions in history paved the counsel for two great classes that argon instantly facing against each some other that is to say the middle class and the Proletariat.The formation of the agencyrn bourgeoisie is the product of a long dustup of evolution as well as the series of revolutions with regards to achievement and rally (Marx and Engel, 1848). The middle class is largely responsible in the changes of the mode of production, which mete out way of life to various modifications that greatly exemplified the idea of a global culture. The institution of the bourgeoisie is dependent upon the continuous revolutionizing of the instruments of production and eventually the sexual relations of productions. This includes expanding the market over the entire surface of the globe for the employment of its products.Marx and Engel clearly explained the Bourgeoisies rely for globalization when they stated, It must nestle anywhere, strengthen everywhere, put together connections everywhere (Marx and Engel, 1848). In relation to the idea of market expansion, the communist Manifesto also give due fib of the concept of free trade, which is an important tout in achieving a global culture. The Communist League strongly believes that Free disdain is the principal(prenominal) culprit in most tribes perception that personal worth is measured by the exchange of value that is most observ fit in the imp ortance they give to material things.In order for the Bourgeoisie to pursue their quarry of profitability by increasing production, they imbibe to exploit other flock by changing the way they think active themselves and modifying the values that they keep (Marx and Engel, 1848). The Bourgeoisies exploitation of the world market is creating a cosmopolitan character to production and using up of every country. Due to this, it is destroying the old- complete national industries that are important in the national individualism of a country.Industries do not yet utilized indigenous raw materials moreover they acquire it from the remotest parts of the world and their products are not merely consumed at their several(prenominal) countries provided also in every quarter of the globe. The globalization of trade also affects other factors such as communication. As such, the very way of life of the commonwealth is also influence wherein they adhere to the ideologies of the Bourgeoi sie the likes of being consumerists, which heightens the pursuance of this class interests (Marx and Engel, 1848).In this sense, Communists support the sentiments of the proletariat that they believed is being exploited by the Bourgeoisie. The league represents the common interests of all proletariats around the world unheeding of their nationalities. They represent the proletariats in the different stages of explicatement of the Bourgeoisie wherein there is an observable struggle of the working class. The primary aim of the Communist is similar with all other worker parties, which are the formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeoisie supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat (Marx and Engel, 1848).Nevertheless, the Communist Manifesto clarifies that it is not after the abolition of attribute in general but rather the eradication of bourgeois property. In doing so, they can be able to uphold the freedom, independence, and equality of an individual that is leaven aside from him or her due to exploitative net labor (Marx and Engel, 1848). Communists clearly saw the presentation of a global culture by the revolution of production that the Bourgeoisie are responsible for as the cause of most of the worlds evil.Some of the injurious effects that it gives are the exploitation of muckle in particular the proletariat, the destruction of old established institution like the family, and the very self-value of an individual. On the other hand, some notable scholars like Henry Jenkins and Rob Walker perceive the new culture of globalization in a different light. Their plant show the effects of the technological rise that Marx and Engels renowned in the Communist Manifesto. Henry Jenkins main argument was on the concept of Media Convergence. He asserted that the survey that merely think on technology is shortsighted.Jenkins emphasized that the objective important factor is the understanding of the way by which i ndividuals in the contemporary culture could participate and combine numerous media sources. Comprehending the consanguinity among various media forms can be through in a more in depth manner if the participation of individuals will be given due consideration. In relation to this, Jenkins suggested that carrefour should be discriminaten as a cultural process that is evolving and developing rather than a mere technological end. Moreover, he also elaborated that there are different sited wherein the negotiations between consumers and producers take place.These sites are modifying interview measurement, redirecting globalization, re-engaging citizens, renegotiating relations between producers and consumers, redesigning the digital economy, rethinking media aesthetics, regulating media content, redefining intellectual property rights, and restricting media ownership (Jenkins, 2006). Jenkins was able to soberly and extensively study the effects of audience participation in media cult ure. He was able to highlight the influence of digital fashionable culture on the behavior of individuals especially in terms of their participation in the field of politics.Rob Walker is also one of the contemporary personalities that has its own perspective with the modern state of production and use of goods and services that exists in the world today. His arguments are have-to doe with on the concept of money culture and means of technology like advertising, music, and accompanying art. The focus of Walker study is in examining the consumer behavior of an individual from the lens of condescension and anthropology. He discussed various products and the corresponding consumer ignore that is was able to create.Walker attempts to understand the reasons cornerstone consumers response to a certain product, which ranges from toothpaste to cloudburst drinks up to television programs. In doing so, he tend to critical analyze the a particular product by onerous to understand the underlying concept of its cross name, target consumer, and even its effect on those who patronize it. Furthermore, he also tries to establish a connection between the product and the consumer by explaining how the characteristic or military strength of a consumer is reflected in the products that he or she buys (Walker, 2008).Marx and Engels Communist Manifesto calls the people especially the proletariat to take action in abolishing the concept of private property of the Bourgeoisie class that tends to exploit other people and destroy the very culture of nations. On the other hand, Jenkins and Walker also give emphasis in the participation of people in the convergence of media but they pointed out that this aids in the formation of identity rather than a mere way for exploitative labor.National identities are make because of the existence of mint media that allows its audience to create their own texts and introduce their own identities that allows other people in the globe to see and understand other cultures. The existence of mass media in terms of the concept of convergence is already regarded as a cultural process in itself that allows people to develop their identities. In this modern age, mass media is not merely a technological advancement but rather it is a gibe that allows people to participate and interact in the international community.References Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence Culture Where ageing and New Media Collide. New York New York University Press. Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1848). Manifesto of the Communist Party. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//www. marxists. org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01. htm. Oregon University States. (2008). Definitions of Anthropological Terms. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from http//oregonstate. edu/ memorize/anth370/gloss. html. Walker, R. (2008). demoraliseingin The Secret Dialogue between What We Buy and Who We Are. New York Random House.

Mexican Culture

Mexi stinker enculturation Inter person-to-person Communication 102 February 17, 2013 thither argon many a(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) various cultures around the world. The Mexi shadow elaboration is one that is expanding rapidly in the United States. Although the Mexican conclusion is expanding it is really different from the American acculturation. The Mexican refinement is a high masculine culture. There are similarities within the American acculturation and the Mexican socialisation, moreover also many differences. I was suitable to spend cartridge holder with my future step brother-in-law on his young ladys 1st birthday.Although I hold in went to family functions that he has attended as well, I did non know him. He typically only declaims Spanish unless he responds instanter to a question in English. I was able to learn a commode about Sabino, and his culture. Without this assignment I touch I would not have bragging(a) to appreciate Sabino and the M exican culture. In fact if not for this assignment I would not have attended Evelyns, Sabinos daughter, outset birthday jubilancy. Evelyns birthday troupe was not exactly what I expected. No one sang the traditional American Happy Birthday poesy.Instead a song called Las Mananitas is birdcall. Sabino informed me that the lyrics do not scan into Happy Birthday. The song is Estas son las mananitas, que cantaba el Rey David,? Hoy por ser dia de tu santo, te las cantamos a ti,? Despierta, Evelyn, despierta, mira que ya amanecio,? Ya los pajarillos cantan, la luna ya se metio. Que linda esta la manana en que vengo a saludarte,? Venimos todos con gusto y placer a felicitarte,? Ya viene amaneciendo, ya la luz del dia nos dio,? Levantate de manana, mira que ya amanecio. (S.Xique, individualized communication, January 20, 2013). This song is translated into This is the sunup song that King David sang? Because forthwith is your saints day were singing it for you? Wake up, Evelyn, instigate up, look it is already dawn.? The birds are already singing and the moon has set. How lovely is the cockcrow in which I come to make out you.? We all came with joy and pleasure to dress you? The morning is coming now, the sun is bountiful us its light? Get up in the morning, look it is already dawn. (S. Xique, individualized communication, January 20, 2013).This song was not only sung at the ships company, but this is how they woke Evelyn up that morning. What impress me the most about this birthday celebration is that it was not just a party for Evelyn, but a party for the spotless family. It was a chance for of all timeyone to name together with food and drinks. The adults partied as much as the kids. E preciseone pitched in and provided different dishes and beer. It seemed that each(prenominal) mom competed for the trump out dish. I was able to sample tamales and carnitas. I was not endure enough to try all of the dishes as I was told some were extremely s picy.At propagation it was awkward for me as most of the conversations where in Spanish, but I everyone was extremely well-behaved and gracious. Although I did not know many of the people there I felt up like part of the family. After observant my future step brother-in-laws family the delegacy they make out is very different than the style one would live in America. Sabinos family is different from my protest family and after talk of the town more with Sabino I realized he is a very traditional Mexican. unmatched of the biggest differences was his children do not believe in Santa Claus.They still celebrate Christmas, but do not believe in the intellectual children receive gifts. This may not be true with all people among the Mexican Culture, but it was for Sabinos side of the family. He give tongue to it is very key for him and his married woman and his children, to understand that Christmas and Christmas presents are not important, but the reason for the season is extr emely important. Sabinos family is devout Catholics and regularly attends mass (S. Xique, personal communication, January 20, 2013). . An obvious major difference is the voice communication between the two cultures (Mukherjee, 2001).The Mexican Culture mainly speaks Spanish, while the American Culture mostly speaks English. Sabino is able to adapt to American flair of life and he can speak English, but it is not his best language. He prefers to speak Spanish. He is noneffervescent if people around him are verbalize English, but if he is around others who speak Spanish he chats away. Sabion said he is just more comfortable and can understand things better in his own language. He said that not everything translates the way it is meant to, especially jokes and sarcasm (S.Xique, personal communication, January 20, 2013). charm I was observing Sabinos family I was able to learn many different things about their way of life. The Mexican Culture is very pleasant and loyal (Mukherjee, 2001). approximately get married and have families. Sabino said many of his family members and him avoid any kind of confrontation, and do not try to get into any situation that would include disagreement. This would presage that his culture is high in doubtfulness avoidance. They are very sensitive and frantic with everything they do.Members of the Mexican Culture take superciliousness in their puzzle out and try to do everything with the best of their ability. Money is not a form of achievement, but they will dance step to do everything needed to take condole with of their families. They are very hard workers, and if they are asked to do something they usually do not hesitate and will complete the childbed efficiently (Mukherjee, 2001). Sabino regularly sends money endure to his sister in Mexico to help her with her children (S. Xique, personal communication, January 20, 2013). This shows that Sabino is a part of a state-controlled culture.He cares about his family, bu t he believes that it is important focus on the needs of everyone and not just him and his family here. . Family is very similar in the eyes of the Mexican Culture, and the American Culture it is almost the uniform. The men usually work and the woman stays at inhabitation and takes care of domestic chores and takes care of the children in the home. The Mexican family may not ever separate, and tend to live in the same household together for a very long time(Mukherjee, 2001). Sabino only left his family to outset a family with his wife.He told me that some Mexican families neer leave from the same house, and even when they fountain a family of their own, their family will all live together (S. Xique, personal communication, January 20, 2013). References Geert Hofstede, Cultures Consequences Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations. Second Edition, kilobyte Oaks CA Sage Publications, 2001 Mukherjee, B. (2001, September 23). digression between m exican and american culture. Retrieved from http//www. buzzle. com/articles/difference-in-mexican-and-

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.