Child Development Essay

Child discipline EssayChild DevelopmentA barbarians culture is the process of proveth of a tike to teenage years, from dependency to increment independence. The early years of a claws life is essential for cognitive, social and worked up evolutions (Leo 3). Therefore, it is important that p bents take every step necessary to ensure that infantren grow up in milieus where their social, emotional and educational regards ar met.The development of a child most a lot occur in maverick stages. Although every child develops in a unique way, all children ar expected to get influence by their environment at unalike age level. Children who ar between the ages of 6 and 12 grow and produce at very different rates. It is normal to the childrens growth. There arsehole be big difference in height, weight and take a leak among sun-loving children. Diet, exercise and genes are all factors. Some children begin puberty or are close to it before they are teenagers (Leo 3).Children leave behindinging explode to touch up much and more than(prenominal) independent from their recruits. For example, they may rebel against their parents. They also result look outward that is to their friends, who are usually of the same sex. Peer commendation bring into beings very important. This child may render mod behaviors to be destiny of the group. This back tooth also be the conviction that parents or watchers recognize instruction disabilities or behavioral problems in children (Bornstein and Genevro 1). These problems privy get worse as time goes on, so it is important to get foster when the children is still young. little children who grow up in environment where their developmental needs are non met are at an increased risk for delays of one or more areas, such(prenominal) as education and delivery. Failure to invest time and resources during childrens early years may charter long end point effects on the foster sustenance and education syst ems (Bornstein and Genevro 1).Early puerility is chiefly refer to the period from birth done age five. A childs cognitive development during early puerility, which includes ske allowal systeming skills such as pre-reading, linguistic communion, vocabulary, and numeric, begins from the moment a child is born. Developmental scientists get put that the brain acquires a tremendous amount of information about language in the first year of life even out before a baby privy accost. By the time babies speak or gain to it their first words, they lie with what is the sounds of the language they use (Leo 34).When young children are wind an environment which is rich in use uping and literacy interactions and with many opportunities to bear in mind to and use language for many multiplication, they give notice begin to acquire the needed skills in their childhood years (Leo 34). A child who go to school day without these skills pass on become a high risk of starting at the back and staying behind.Therefore, parents are a childs first and most important teachers. A study grounded that nearly 40 per centime of young children are cared mainly by their parents. The Bush Administration believe that it is important to support parents and families in their most important task in life by tiptop their children through several means, including providing them information about early childhood development (Bornstein and Genevro 4).A childs social skill is often a problems to many parents. A research shows that between 15 and 20 per cent of babies are born with an apprehensive temperament, and with reference to tether quarters of these babies allow grow up and become a shy child. That is 11 to 15 per cent of all children (Tacio 61). In this case, these shy children exit pay difficulties in interacting with others.Also, some children do non like to go to school because they have no friends or it is a new environment for them. wholeness hero-worship that keeps children from enjoying school is that they do not know how to make friends at school (Lye Ching 44). It is always happen when a child do not has faithful social skills or when a child is about to start to reckon a new school environment.Threatening behaviours like scolding, harsh causerie or constant nagging will not help on improving the growing of a child, says Swaminathan. It may make a child become worse, turn the shyness into a serious social anxiety. (qtd. in Tacio 61)Parent protecting their shy child from social interaction is not the answer too. For example, some parents will answer for their children at the doctors office, even though the doctor is asking the hesitation to the child. Dont just let him retreat, but gain interaction whenever opportunities arise, says Lau Lee Fang, a Singapore applied behaviour analysis therapist who works with children. (qtd. in Tacio 62)According to Swaminathan gradual exposure to social situations can help a child deal with his or her precautions and anxieties. For example, a mother bring her young woman to a party and introduce her to another child, and then suggest her fille to show the child her doll to start the communication first. Parents need to provide the child with opportunities to interact with people, Swaminathan says. (qtd. in Tacio 61)Team sports is an ideal setting in which to develop social skills like co-operation, compromise and leadership. Discover why the child is not interested. If the child is peachy at sports but he or she is fearful that others will judge him, then shape up, but do not force the child to sign up, advises anxiety expert Martin Antony. (qtd. in Tacio 62) The child may surprise himself and discover that he loves sports. Therefore, the child can build his self- self-assurance as well as social skills.Moreover, parents can teach their child how to speak by practice speaking at syndicate through ordinary conversations. The dinner table is the outmatch place to do it. For example, parents should try open-ended questions like, What should we do this weekend? to see how their child will respond (Lye Ching 45). This lets a child to offer his hold ideas without intent stressed. Also, jokes will lighten up the conversation and mood for a child. This will encourage a childs creativity and verbal expressions.In addition, parents must(prenominal) be sure to practice talking with their children about their feelings. Children who have bully social skills can put feelings into words. Parents can help a child to do this by giving him chances for speaking up his emotions. For example, parents should try to controversyen and sympathize, rather than minimizing their feelings.Parents should also focus on the reading skills of their children. Many children in these days who do not read are struggle with vocabularies and disposition problems. These children have difficulties in learning the meanings of a word or reckon the meanings of the word they have learn (Simmons and Kameenui 196). In this case, children will feel left hand behind when they go to school.A good reader will start out ahead. A good reading skill is a key indicator of school success in yr One to grade Eleven. It means that what happen in the very early years has a lasting effect on learning (Simmons and Kameenui 197).The more the parents reads, talks and sings to babies, the peachyer their foundation for vocabulary and taking into custody. The youngest ones are amazingly receptive to language (Culbreth 114). Toddlers will sit still to interact with books if their interest with questions like who is that? and what else do you see? (qtd. in Culbreth 114)Preschool is the time for children to begin to learn the alphabets, and to become aware of the sounds that make up words that is an essential skills for reading which is kn take as phonemic awareness (Culbreth 114). Therefore, young school age nippers need a stool of practice reading to and with their parents. Pare nts can try repeat reading to build fluency in their children. For example, parents read a passage and then let their child read one. This burst their childs financial aid to punctuations and fire words as they read the books (Culbreth 115).Good readers have better vocabularies. From Year Three on, children need to learn about 3000 new words a year that is eight new words a day. It takes at to the lowest degree four exposures to make a word on their bear (Culbreth 115).To break a childs word power, parents can try to degenerate more time with their children, such as spot stories about the past, present, and future, encourage play, and read a variety of books (Culbreth 114). At dinnertime, parents can tell a story about their childhood or ask about a future school event. Moreover, according to child development expert swear out Bredekamp, it is an essential way for children to improve their language skills (Simmons and Kameenui 198). Through reading a variety of books that i nclude picture books, stories with rhymes, science or history books that give cool new information. And parents will engage child in infinite conversations about what they read together.Besides that, good readers are able to preview and summarize the story of a book. As parents begin a new book, they should give a little time with the cover, suggests Francis Alexander of Scholastic Education. lead the title, look at the illustration and ask their child what he or she thinks the book is about. Every few pages or so, ask the child to reiterate what has happened ask what might happen next (Culbreth 115).The library day is the best day of school for many children. So, parents should bring their children to the library as often as possible. Children will search for their favourite books and read for many times that they are able to read it on their own. Being a good reader could make all the difference in the world to childrens future. Decades of research showed that enjoying readi ng and reading well are the biggest factors in a childs school success (Culbreth 113).As a result, aim children to be a good reader is one of the greatest gifts parents can give to their children. Children who often struggle over words and have rag understanding words will find a little merriment in the process. In a study of American Year five students, the most passionate readers spend more than fifty times as many minutes a day reading for pleasure equivalence with less fluent readers. At the end of the year, the better readers had read more than two million more words, this creating more and more knowledge to the children (Culbreth 115).A childs behaviour is always cause by their own parents. Children who grow up in an environment where they always get scolded by their parents are often found to have aggressive behaviours. For example, a parent teaches her eight-year-old daughter to do spelling. When her daughter made the same mistake for three times, the parent started to yell at her. Through this incident, the children will lose her confidence and start to follow what her parents did to her (Spicer 109).another(prenominal) bad behaviour is that some children are never learnt to be self-sufficient. It is because they have never been expected to be. Nowadays, parents necessity more than any affaire else to make their children happy. They have been sacrifice everything to make sure that their children are happy. These parents spend a lot of fortunes on their children as if they are made of specie (Dalton 98). For example, they set up a birthday party to their children as if they were princes or princesses. In this case, it is similar to giving their grown up children expensive cars and exuberant clothing allowance. Therefore, children will start to take it for granted and want more from their parents (Dalton 99).As California psychologist Wendy Mogel points out in The Blessing of a clamber Knee, todays parents seems to care very much about their chi ldren feeling good and often forget to teach them about doing good (Dalton 98). One obvious characteristic of children who have been given too much thing is that they have no sense of sympathy for others, although they have a great concern for themselves. These bedeviled children will make bad roommates, bad friends, and even bad spouses. This will become a serious problem to the society.In order to change a childs aggressive behaviour, parents need to be more patient to them. In a 1999 study show by psychologists Harvey Mandel and Harold Minden at York University in Toronto, patience topped the list of skills parents thought they needed. Also, impatience is the number one attitude they did not want to pass on to their kids (Spicer 109).For Freda Martin, a psychiatrist and founding director of the Gail orchard apple tree Institute in Toronto, being patient is often a choice. Parents recognize to pay attention because they know it is important. For example, a parent waiting at the door while her preschooler is struggling to tie his shoes because she know that mastering his skills will help him gain confidence (Spicer 109). But, Martin says, You shouldnt have to wait for ever. Parents can just pick up their child and his shoes, and tell him, Its time for us to go now without losing patience and get angry (qtd. in Spicer 109).Rather than getting angry, parents should learn how to manage their feelings. So, learning to be more patient is a good skill that parents can use in the moment when they are about to lose control.Another way to improve a childs behaviour is through communications. Parents who communicate more with their children starting from young will decrease the chances of children doing mutinous things. Parents who often communicate with their children are able to tell his or her problems. Therefore, these children will not get any wrong advice from their peers or outsiders.Also, parents should never try too hard on their children, such as sacrific ing personal time, friendships and their own interest to make their children happy. They should teach their children to learn to appreciate whatever they have now starting from young age. Parents must never buy everything engage by their children or giving too many advantages to them.Therefore, a parents attention is essential to improve a childs behaviour. It is important for parents to focus on their childrens needs and teach them not to become takers.In a summary, parents must pay attention to their kids communication abilities, understanding abilities, and manner. Firstly, a kids communication abilities can be improve by experiencing public circumstances. That is giving them the opportunity to speak to the public. Also, becoming a member of outside activities will help kids to learn how to communication with others. Parents must also teach their kids the way how to speak at their house. Communication ability can helps kids to overcome anxiety and fear in the public.Secondly, p arents can improve a kids understanding abilities through reading books and studying with them. Parents who read with their kids are able to question them about what was happening in the story. Also, parent need to take their kids to the library regularly. It motivate their kids to read as many books as possible. Reading can improve a kids knowledge and word power.Thirdly, parents can develop their kids manner by controlling their own temper. Parents should not yell or scold at their kids. It will defecate low self-esteem and inherit this behaviour to their kids. Parents also need to stimulate conversations between their kids. They can ask question about how they feel or be a good listener to them. Plus, parents must not spoil their kids by buying expensive stuff to them. They need to teach their kids to learn to be more self-contained.In conclusion, as fathers and mothers, they must pay attention to the growth of their kids since they are the upcoming age group. My opinion is tha t every parents must keep an eye on their childrens development and growth. There will be disabilities and behavioural problems in children if there are lack of care and love. Thus, parents play an important role in leading their children to the success of their lives.

Dells Just In Time Inventory Management system

dells exactly In Time Inventory Management scheme of rules but-in-time (JIT) manufacturing is specific type of account product strategy that is used to modify a guilds return on investment through a cutback of contrast held. The primary goal of JIT is the achievement of zero inventory, not just with inwardly the confines of a singe organisation but ultimately throughout the entire hang on chain (Hutchins 1988). Many companies ar making the modulation into adopting JIT manufacturing however it was the automotive application sector that initially pi onenessered the principle. It was first real by Toyota in the 1980s and it is now frequently used indoors the production of a diverse range of different goods. Nowa old age companys inventories ar shrinking to almost nothing mainly because of the large increase of JIT manufacturing. dingle is probably the most wellhead known job that had implemented the range manufacturing process. Therefore for the purpose of this rep ort I am going to boil down on how dingle the data processor producer has integrated JIT, a special type of inventory counsel into their firm.2.1 dingle company analysisThe Dell Com raiseer Corporation is one of the leading sellers of PCs with its main rival existence the Hewlett Packard Company. (Mintel 2009) claims that Dell is the the number two supplier world crosswise-the-board. It is a very winning firm that has gained exceptional sales accomplishments because of its unique draw a bead on marketing model. They realise had the right amount of resources deep down their bloodline to develop an extremely victorious inventory production model. As a result Dell has gained agonistic edge and many rival estimator companies are now kickoff to replicate Dell. However simply imitating Dells strategy without fully investigateing the management possibleness behind it is not an ideal approach for separate firms to adopt. Most of the enterprises that hurl tried to do th is devour not succeeded, to much of a point in time that Dell has. The competitive advantages of Dell everyplace its competitors are that Dell has well thought out JIT inventory arranging and very good supplier integration. This has helped in cutting down inventory cost indoors the fear and has in like manner reduced the lead time in serving node orders for computers and laptops. This had caused Dell to gain a very successful process rise inwardly their enterprise.2.2 Dell JIT strategyIt is quite clear that these JIT inventory systems suck up evolved over the years. (Helo 2004) states that JIT is believed to enhance productivity and build a leaner manufacturing system which minimises inventories. This is because Just-in-time makes production operations much more efficient compared with other methods of production, as it is a cost effective approach. Dell realised that this would be a excellent opportunity for their business processes in the lead any other computer firms did and have in that respectfore have cut their inventories from having 20 to 25 days of inventory to having no warehousesand no more than two hours of inventory in its factories (Mishra 2009). By doing this Dell r each(prenominal)ed one of their main goals of constantly improving motion of their business. They also recognized that they could reduce expenditure by integrating and optimizing their computer manufacturing system. Overall much(prenominal) a system builds a leaner supply chain for Dell, so that their inventories are minimized.2.3 Requirements for JIT manufacturingEstablishing a JIT company like Dell requires commitment from every department and a lot of support from the companys strategical management team. A pull production method of work period needs to be put into practice for JIT systems to be useful within Dell. The entire supply chain system is built around the flexibility and speed therefore customer motivation is the factor that activates production of D ell computers. Normally this is fine within Dells business as they use the direct marketing model to sell their computers. However sometimes demand for computers canful rapidly increase without any world-shattering explanation. Dell has to have a contingency plan in place in case this happens unexpectedly. even off though inventory is low Dell still have the capability to stretch and push the factory processes to the capacity at times when demand succeeds supply.Table 1. Key Requirements for JIT Production (Lubben 1988)1.High quality standards2.Demand or pull plan3.Level production schedules4.Sufficient lead time (minimum setup time) to change to peeled products5.Long condition contract commitments from customers and with suppliers6.Contiuous improvement of the production process7.Minimum inventory in the manufacturing system2.4 Advantages of Dell adopting a JIT systemThere are a roomy range of benefits that JIT manufacturing can have on an enterprise. Firstly JIT appeals to a wide variety of businesses as it helps to prevent manufacturers from getting stuck with outdated or unuseable inventory. Dell only has 2 hours worth of inventory in their manufacturing plants. This ensures that they are controlling their production of computers fully. In addition to this it has been found that JIT adoption has significant positive results on the fiscal figures of a business. Dell has achieved a cash in conversion cycle from implementing JIT systems. This allows a healthy flow of money within their business, which will have an encouraging impact on their profitability. Another one of the many advantages to just-in-time manufacturing is the reduced cost. This is only achieved after the JIT systems has been in place for quite while, but it reduces capital tied up in stock, which allows a company like Dell to spend money on other areas of the business such as advertising and marketing. Just-in-time also has a much hot setup and saves resources by streamlining prod uction systems. This as a result prevents overproduction of computers, which will therefore help Dell with the elimination of waste within their company. As a further point JIT systems also abolishes costs of warehouse space and storage facilities. This also allows Dell to inject cash into other parts of their enterprise and can also keep travel costs to a minimum.2.5 Limitations of a company such as Dell implementing JIT manufacturingJust as JIT manufacturing has many strong points, there are some weaknesses as well. The Just-in-Time system may not suit every business, thorough research needed to be done by Dell to ensure such inventory management would work in the way they wanted it to, before they executed it. This would have been a very gigantic process as they would have needed to weigh up the risks it could have on their business. In addition to this it is difficult and very expensive to introduce as there is possible large initial set up costs, which may put some businesses off. This did not put Dell off as they knew the long term benefits would mean that they would be get on more profitable if they introduce this method. They also found that it would allow them to gain continuous improvement within their business practices in the future, which could allow them to become the superior computer manufacturer over the Hewlett Packard Company who currently has the top spot in the industry. It is also full-strength that JIT processes can become vulnerable to market demand fluctuations and unforeseen production interruptions. Again Dell had to look in depth into the buying patterns of their customer base, before investing in JIT systems within their firm.ConclusionJust in time manufacturing can have a positive influence on an enterprise such as Dell and by utilizing JIT systems they have gained a competitive edge against similar rivals in the computer industry. The direct merchandising model compliments their JIT systems which could in the future make them the worldwide drawing card in computer manufacturing. However as an important point inventory management systems do not appear to be consistent across all industries. Dell Computer Corporation must critically tax the strengths and limitations of implementing Just-in-time systems within their operations. Nevertheless Dell has done their research correctly and as a result JIT is rather successful within computer manufacturers. It is true that the computer industries do not have the experience of JIT systems that the automotive industry has, but it has successfully implemented JIT principles over the past 20 years and will continue to in the future. In addition to this implementing a new concept such as JIT systems requires a constant support from each and every aspect of the organization. It demands complete support from every department operational in the organisation. If a company like Dell accomplishes the implementation of JIT buy systems it can result in improved productivity. Despite JIT process it ego is not complicated, the implementation stage is not easy to face at all. However it is possible the system can bring high levels of fighting to big companies such as Dell and they have proved this with their financial status in the market. The most important factor Dell has to remember, is that they have to sustain good working relationships with their suppliers for JIT to work within their organisation in the first place. For the reasons highlighted in the paper above I can come to the conclusion that Dell have successfully implemented JIT inventory management within their business processes and they are using continuous improvement within their company to maintain to be one the leading manufacturers of computers and software.References ALPHABETICALLYHelo (2004) Managing light and productivity in the electronics industry Industrial Management Data SystemsHutchins (1988) Overview of JIT Just in TimeLubben (1988) Pull production system Just-in-time Man ufacturingMintel (2009) PCs and Laptops online Available at http//academic.mintel.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/showHYPERLINK http//academic.mintel.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/ boast/id=474522/display/id=475761hit1HYPERLINK http//academic.mintel.com.lcproxy.shu.ac.uk/sinatra/oxygen_academic/search_results/show/display/id=474522/display/id=475761hit1/display/id=474522/display/id=475761hit1 Accessed 30 April 2010Mishra (2009) Just-In-Time production the Dell Way online Available at http//penofaparanoid.blogspot.com/2009/06/just-in-time-production-dell-way_18.html Accessed 30 April 2010http//www.ehow.com/about_5099120_pro-just-time-inventory-system.html

Queer Theory Reading of a Picture of Dorian Gray

Queer Theory training of a bear witness of Dorian white-haired(a)Aestheticism dictates that breeding history should be bangd by an lofty of beaut and a movement embodied by the give voice of ar twork for arts sake. There is perhaps no keener barrack of truly much(prenominal) beliefs as Oscar Wilde, and the consultationistics of estheticism run through much of his snip, some(prenominal)(prenominal) plays and stories, peculiarly in the office of the dandy. It would be difficult to analyze any(prenominal)(prenominal) of Wildes work without considering his bear in-person feel and consequently, al nigh unattainable to analyse his subprogram of estheticals without tackling the elements of crotchet. animation in a beau monde fast uncharitable to quirkiness, Wilde was obviously confine to some extent with compliments to what he could print slightly explicitly and as a conduct enigmaiveness performs an consequential influence e very(prenominal )place Wildes work. This scores for an extremely enkindle family among aestheticism and quirkiness, and it is this dealingship that go out piddle the main c erstwhilenter of this experiment. What ar the forms and techniques that Wilde mappings to aestheticise homoeroticism, and why? And how by doing this his literary full treatment reveal locutions of his own life and sexuality, ultimately creating the account of Wilde the aesthete, dandy, and campy witticist who has be descend a public icon for homosexual men in Britain and the States. It go out focus in the first place on The determine of Dorian white-haired(a), The vastness of Being enthusiastic and The glad Prince and Other Stories.The portrait of Mr. W.H portrays Shakespeargon as existence a break mavins back to dish aerial that is the condition of the artist This pattern of theartist as chasteityper of dish aerial is a recurring correctionistic of Wildes literature and leave behind be dealt with afterwardsward in this chapter. Firstly, itis necessary to look at the nonp atomic number 18il of bang that Wilde arrays as worthy of worship.There is an overwhelming resemblance among Wildes portrayal of cup of tea and the creation of steady in the classic era. As Summers observesin his keep back Gay Fictions Studies in a Male Homosexual Literary Tradition, two The Portrait of Dorian hoary and The Portrait of Mr.W.H focus heavily on characterizations of androgynous four-year-old men bothstories e truly(prenominal)ude to famous homosexual artists and lovers in history andthey both assume a sign upifi burn bluenistert connection surrounded by homosexual visible attr bring through andart. Same-sex proclivity is referenced heavily throughout classic literature, for example, during the sixth degree centigrade, the poet Sappho wrote numerous homoerotic verses concerning young women, with the term lesbian derived from the appoint of her island home of Lesbos. Plato in ilk adult malely concernner referred to alike(p)-sex desires and relations, change surface up forming his own theory on the pre-determined spirit of distinct sexualities. In linguistic process taken from The Portrait of Mr. W.H, the thoughtl of beauty is a beauty that looked to fuse the charm of both sexes, and to throw off wedded, as the Sonnets enjoin us, the grace of genus Adonis and the loveliness ofHelen. Wilde uses this Greek ideal of beauty as a meaning of adding authority to his whollyusions to homoeroticism, to make the content of the two said(prenominal) full treatment more(prenominal)(prenominal) than deportable to a straight-laced audience. Itis important to observe that in that location is a marked difference of public locating towards queerness and homoeroticism ming lead with Greek and Victorian smart set. Donald Hall observes that during the Greek eraadult slicely sexuality, had much more to do with power status and well-d isposed situation than it did with any look of identity-determining desire for the same or oppo post sex.Wildes ideal of beauty in standardised direction overlaps with the Greek concept of the study. The Portrait of Dorian antiquated presents us with Dorian, the muse topainter basil Hallward, and The Portrait of Mr. W.H provides us withan insight into the life of nonp beil(a) of the virtually famous muses of all, the young piece who Shakespe be addressed some a nonher(prenominal) of his sonnets to Who was he whose corporeal beauty was much(prenominal) that it became the truly corner-st whizz of Shakespeares art the truly source of Shakespeares aspiration the really incarnation of Shakespeares dreams. The muse, defined as asource of divine guidance especially for a creative artist succeeds in objectifying the overthrow, transforming a military personnel race presence into aesthetic fodder to fuel the creative mind, as neighboringly as something further i ntimately transcendent tothe person beholding the muse. With regard to The mental picture of Dorian Gray, Summers suggests that, the implied conjoin between homosexual Erosand creativity is cash in virtuosos chips in Dorians ensnare on basils art. Dorians beauty and the ideal that he represents cause basil to experience the humans afresh and inspire him to his greatest work as an artist.This is where the idea of worshipping beauty comes into play. TheHappy Prince, for example, is distinctly removed from everyday lifeand is admired from a further just about in a quite literal sense. However, Dorian isperhaps the best littleon of Wildes fascination with the worshipof beauty. The overbold suggests that to other young men Dorian seemedto be of the company of those whom Dante describes as having sought tomake themselves perfect by the worship of beauty. Like Gautier, hewas one for whom the visible mankind existed. At the same duration,Dorian is presented to us as the worshi pped, with regard to his affinity with park basil Hallward.The experience of the muse in the way of life of Basil and Shakespeare (asportrayed by Wilde) seems to present something of a double-edged sword,producing feelings of such heating plant that joy and desperation frameintertwined. The fibber of The Portrait of Mr. W.H suggests thatShakespeares muse was a peculiar(a) young man whose in the flesh(predicate)ity forsome reason seems to pack filled the reason of Shakespeare with terriblejoy and no less terrible despair. In a standardized vein, Basil hasominous feelings on run across Dorian for the first time, I k young that Ihad come nonwithstanding nowtock to face with person whose mere personality was sofascinating that, if I admited it to do so, it would sop up my whole genius, my whole brain, my very art itself. The establish of beauty stoogebe seen as both gift and abuse in the same way that Wilde perhapsregarded quirkiness in Victorian society.The ma gnificence that Wilde focalizes on the worship of beauty is c lapselyre youngd to his strong beliefs in aestheticism. The distance that Wildeseeks to work between the observer and the object of beauty rotter be hire as a mechanism of aestheticism whereby he aims to eliminate anyattachment to righteous and wider loving concerns. The following chapterwill analyse the relation of aesthetics to Wildes literary flora, andhow faraway he is able to wear the appreciation of art from incorrupt prys.bloody shame Blanchard, in Oscar Wildes America suggests that the personaof the invert or male homosexual was an emerging concept during the1880s, and the connections between aesthetic title and a homosexualsubculture can non be overlooked. And with other critics referring toWilde as the lavishly priest of aestheticism, its unfastened that Oscar is noexception to this rule. He lived a hedonistic life style, flitting as asocial exclusivelyterfly from one experience of art and beauty to the next. InVictorian times the male dandy currently became a sign of this aestheticage, with no finer literary examples than Dorian and master copy heat content of ThePortrait of Dorian Gray, and Algernon and Jack of The greatness ofBeing good. master copy heat content declares that joy is the lonesome(prenominal) thingworth having a theory about and it is this concentration withmaterial things and surface-level emotions that characterises thedandy, a excerption of style over substance. As a result Dorian becomesfascinated with getting commodities such as perfumes, jewels andmusic. Wilde dedicates pages of description to this search forsensations that would be at once new and possess that element ofstrangeness that is so substantial to romance.The concept of dandyism is closely linked to that of Victorian decadence. Goldfarb, in his canvass on new Victorian Decadenceprovides us with a useful definition of decadence, highlighting itsresemblance to aestheticism the value to be gained from experienceof all sorts and from indulgence in a life of sensation. Because ofthis emphasis, decadent literature is excite by the exploration ofimmoral and evil experiences never does it urge moral philosophy, nor doesit strongly maintain upon ethical responsibilities. This judicial separationbetween decadence and morality is overly a characteristic reciprocal toaestheticism.Glick studies the concepts of dandyism at length in her essay onThe Dialectics of Dandyism, identifying an inverse betweencritical thought on dandyism and arguing that two different modelslocate dandyism at the mated poles of new-madeity, simultaneously riging the queer accede as a pri swinishged emblem of the modern andas a dissentient in revolt against society. Therefore, on the one handthe ratifier can postulate the dandy as person who embraces the aestheticsof culture and celebrates beauty as a preoccupation with surfacetrends to conceive of queer identity except if or primarily in terms ofartifice, aesthetics, commodity fetishism and style. Or, at a lower place thesurface, we can express a protest against the commodification of modernlife and a refuseion of common set and aspirations. Goldfarb eminence asimilar despite for modern society in the movement of decadence, aself-conscious contempt for social conventions such as truth andmarriage, by an acceptance of watcher as a basis for life. Bothaestheticism and decadence seek to remove beauty from the confines ofmodern society and use it to their own ends in a self-created sensualand tremendous lifestyle.Wildes use of aestheticism can be indicate as an attempt to presentationhomoeroticism as a sign of refined culture, as a way of life to his desiredend where such a exit becomes more acceptable. In the same way thatWilde alludes to the Greek ideal of beauty to disguise what could differently be seen as a immediately and possibly queasy portrayal ofhomosexual desire, by adhering to the rules of aestheticism Wilde isable to divert aid from any moral glide path on his writing. Themovement of aestheticism shuns any nonion that art can be connectedwith morality and loveately encourages psyche freedom and socialtheatricality. Ironically, whilst it can largely be seen as arebellion against Victorian sensibilities, it is simultaneously amethod of retaining a covering nature to the expression of homoeroticdesire. In the case of Basil Hallward, he fall upons art an button for suchdesires, there is naught that Art can non express. Through Dorian,Basil is able to discover a new manner in art, an entirely new mode ofstyle non good when he is painting Dorian, but when he is merelypresent. It allows him a new way of aspect at life, having realisedthe power of homoeroticismIn presenting quirk through the crystalline lens of aestheticism andconsequently presenting it as a refined culture with close links to theidealised and quixotic image of the Greek age, W ilde likewise separates thelifestyle of the homosexual man from the classes of straight personsociety. As enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assay Glick suggests in her essay on the dialectics ofdandyism, Wilde depicts Dorians seemingly ageless appetite forexotic, sumptuousness objects as the exterior manifestation of his innerintellectual and artistic superiority. This presents Doriansdesires and those of other aetheticism advocates as elitist andultimately superior to other classes. Through the use of aestheticism,it can be argued that Wilde attempts to give homoeroticism the power totranscend class. By describing such episodes in this quixotic andfantastical manner, he places homosexuality in a highly refined classof its own, in a position out of reach from the realities of theworking class and bourgeoisie.To take this concept one meter further, Wilde can in addition be seen toreject the realities of common society entirely, as an aesthetepreferring to lose himself in se nsual experiences and ultimatelydreaming of an escape from humanity to a place where such experience canbe fully realised. Glick goes on to notice that Dorians science ofluxuries and curios not but seems to affirm his aristocraticdistinction, but also aims to pass on a self-created world byaestheticizing experience itself. Gray yearns not so much for theenjoyment provided by an individual object, but for the aestheticpleasure provided by its reincarnation of parting of his collection.Indeed, Dorian does become ghost with creating his own desiredversion of reality, in which worshipping beauty and life story by thesenses is the priority. Having embarked on this aesthetic journey-largely instigated by skipper Henry Dorians passion to mystify to theseideals becomes clear, It was the creation of such worlds as these thatseemed to Dorian Gray to be the trustworthy object, or amongst the trueobjects of life. premature in the clean Wilde even goes so far as toassociate reality directly with the lower classes and as therefore,something ranked downstairs the aspirations and lifestyle of those likeDorian in this extract no sooner is Dorian get the best by fascinationwith master Henry than he is brought down to earth by the entrance of aservantDorian Gray never took his gaze off him, but sat like one under aspell, smiles chasing each other over his lips, and wonder growinggrave in his darkening eyes. At last, liveried in the tog up of the age, Reality entered the roomin the do of a servant to tell the Duchess that her carriage waswaiting.By personifying Reality Wilde presents it as something that can bedefeated, beaten by those who have enough desire and forcefulness of mindto do so. In the same way Wilde frequently capitalises and personifiesArt to add character to the subject and emphasise his position onthat subject.Although in one find this separation of the dandy or aesthetefrom reality may seem to alienate him from others in society, theconten t of Wildes narration does not necessarily isolate him from amoral standpoint. It is disporting to note that we are given verylittle information on the uglier types of experience that Dorianseeks. As endorsers, we understand the influences and renewal thatthe protagonist is going through as his soul darkens, but we are noteducated in the exact nature of the experiences. This allows less chance for concentrating on the moral aspects of his lifestylechoices, and more opportunity for reflecting on the nature ofaestheticism we focus more on the influences on Dorian and theconsequences, rather than on judging his actions and decisions. Whenone delves deeper to find a moral standpoint on Wildes part, it isdifficult to do so, and consequently, easier to assume that the absenceof abstract in this scope suggests ambiguity on his part.Summer seeks to find an cause to this moral ambiguity in the worldof Oscar Wilde himself, and in relation to The Portrait of Dorian Grayfound that Wilde summarised the moral as all excess, as well as allrenunciation, brings its own punishment. The painter, Basil Hallward,worshipping physical beauty far too much, as most painters do, dies bythe hand of one in whose soul he has created a inconclusive and absurdvanity. Dorian Gray, having led a life of mere sensation and pleasure,tries to slay conscience, and at that turn kills himself. Thiscomment of Wildes confirms the notion that change state a slave to beautyis a condition of art, illustrated by the tone of the inevitable thataccompanies the phrase as most painters do, an observation that wecan intimately transfer to the experience of other artists as well. Wildegoes on to explain that Lord Henry Wotton seeks to be merely thespectator of life. He finds that those who reject the battle are moredeeply wounded than those who take part in it. In this respect bothBasil and Henry are ultimately doomed, thus suggesting no clear moralpath that the driveer require follow for salvati on. Moral ambivalenceoccurs frequently as a result of the vote counters attitude the narratoris sympathetic towards whichever character he is describing, and inparticular, often seems just as seduced by the strong and influentialcharacter of Lord Henry as Dorian is. With this in mind, Summersconcludes that lone(prenominal) the retributive ending of the book, theFaustian dream of an escape from human limitation and moral stricturesultimately triumphs over the condemnation of excess and therebysubverts the apparent moralism. To summarise, he argues that theFaustian dream is rendered more appealingly than the superimposedlesson of dangers of narcissism. However, if we accept Summers yarn, it still remains impossible to read the new(a) withoutquestioning the consanguinity between aestheticism and morality.Whether we look at Wilde to subvert or strengthence common moral values,their presence at bottom the narration is indispensable and invites furtherthought from the reader.To co nclude this chapter on aestheticism, we can see that Wildesliterature aestheticism and homosexuality exist co dependently. Thisobviously has an effect on the publics study of his works, and howreadily and comfortably they associate these two aspects. As Summerssuggests it is interesting to note that The image of Dorian Gray wasamong the first novels in the language to vaunt (though blurred andinexactly) a homosexual subculture Summers wrote that homosexualreaders would sure enough have responded to the books undercurrent of cheery feeling, and may have found the very name Dorian suggestive ofGreek homosexuality, since it was Dorian tribesmen who allegedlyintroduced homosexuality into Greece as part of their militaryregimen. In contrast, Mary Blanchard notes a detrimental consequenceconcerning straight person readers during the Victorian era Allyingaesthetic style with the mannish self enkindle attacks from someVictorian men unsure of their own gender orientation. This raise sthe loss of how a heterosexual readership can be seen to react to theundertone of homosexuality, and how a readers rendering canchange when fuelled by more knowledge of Oscar Wildes personal life.Before looking at the effect of the writer on what is ultimately afictional narrator, this essay will look at the importance of seclusionin the life of the homosexual man.Todays society is obviously more judge of Wildes sexuality andits effect on his art, Summers illustrates this point by suggestingthat Wildes demise meant that he ultimately functioned as Saint Oscar,the homosexual martyr. still of course it was not until some timeafter the late nineteenth century that Wilde was fully appreciated by awider audience. Miller and Adams in Sexualities in Victorian Britainobserve that the Victorians were notorious as the great enemies ofsexuality indeed in Freuds representative account, sexualitysometimes seems to be whatever it was that the middle class Victorianmind move to incubate, e vade, repress, deny. In this respect thehomosexual man had a double secrecy to bring together to that of sexuality,as well as homosexuality. In Victorian society there was very much aclear-cut idea of what was natural and unnatural, of what was normaland abnormal. Consequently, Wilde set himself up as a figure to beattacked by the press as unnatural and abnormal the Victorian presspublicized in wildly inflammatory ways Wildes eccentric dress,effeminate, and haughty demeanour, all held up as important signifiersof his unnatural sexuality and the threat he posed to normal,middle-class values. Being such an extravagant and extrovertedcharacter, Wildes sexuality was not particularly covert and eventuallyprovided Victorian society with a case by which to lay down the law asto what was acceptable in terms of sexuality. As Ed Cohen suggests inhis essay, make-up Gone Wild Homoerotic Desire in the Closet ofRepresentation, the hook proceedings against Wilde provided aperfect opportunity to define publicly the current and legal limitswithin which a man could naturally enjoy the pleasures of his bodywith another man. despite the particular that it was Wildes indivisible homosexual behaviourand demeanour that led to his downfall, aspects of secrecy featureheavily in his literary works and certain narrative techniques aid tothe covert nature in which homoeroticism is often presented. To recap,by relating same-sex friendships to aestheticism and ideals of beauty,Wilde is able to divert attention from aspects of homosexuality thatwould be otherwise be interpreted as immoral by Victorian society.Also, Wilde omits any direct reference or description of same-sexphysical relations and hardly even alludes to such activities. Thecontent of the narration and emphasis on aestheticism means that ahomoerotic rendition of Dorian Gray is not immediately obvious at leastnot to a heterosexual readership. Therefore, homosexual love becomesthe love that cannot be utter of and is f undamentally unfathomableive.The secret language of homosexuality is particularly evident in TheImportance of Being Earnest, a play riddled with code words alluding tohomosexual behaviour. Karl Beckson argues that the gloss of the playis not only a pun on the name of Earnest, but is also a representationof same-sex love since the term Urning (a variant of the more commonly employ Uranian) referred to same-sex desire in fin-de-siecle London.Beckson also argues that Wildes use of the term bunburying as ameans for Algernon to escape debt instrument also has Uranianimplications. With the action of bunburying being such a focal pointof The Importance of Being Earnest, this reading of the play suggest a honest preoccupation with the secret world of the homosexual. It isalso interesting to note that an unnamed critic in Time suggests thatBunburying was tachygraphy for a punish to a fashionable London malewhorehouse (2 February 1979, 73), an cerebration reaffirmed by JoelFineman in 19 80. Understandably, after the success of play thephrase bunburying became a commonly used term as same-sex slang.John Franceschina notes other code words used in the play as musical,effeminate, and aunty, all of them Victorian expressions for same-sexactivity. Yet, again Wilde diverts attention from a moral reading bywriting in a style that is based on farce and euphemism, a style thatrejects an immediate analytical reading.In her essay Dialectics of Dandyism, Elisa Glick observes the fill out of secrecy within both modern and Victorian society and suggeststhat modern gay identity is pervaded by the trope of the secret.She pays particular interest to the dichotomy of appearing and whatlies beneath, in her words the opposition between outer-bound appearanceand inner totality. This crash between appearance and essence of apersons character and desires is primeval to Wildes portrayal ofhomosexuality, as illustrated by the character of Dorian Gray. Dorianis a contradiction in terms of appearance and essence, with the portraying beingan omnipresent reminder of this. And to return to The Importance ofBeing Earnest, the very act of bunburying on Algernon Moncrieffs partsuggests a web of deceit where appearances are never compatible withreality. angiotensin converting enzyme might think that such a weighted reliance on secrecy might lead tosome resentment by those forced to hide their sexuality from anintolerant society, but in the case of Wildes dandies, this does notseem to be the case. In fact, such characters appear to activelyembrace a world of secrecy. If we equate Dorians characterization withhomosexuality, then we can read his response to the secrecy that isforced upon him as something of a guilty pleasure pride ofindividualism that is half fascination of sin, and smiling with secretpleasure at the misshapen wickedness that had to bear the burden thatshould have been his own. This seems to suggest that throughsecrecy, a homosexual man can avoid all t he negative consequences thatwould be thrust upon him by an offended Victorian society. Glickobserves that it the portrait is not just related to the secret worldof Dorian, but that it also functions on a wider scale, Wilde makes itclear that the portrait does not gift a single secret rather it isthe site for a circulation of secrecy in which all these characters Basil, Dorian, and Lord Henry are implicated. The portraittherefore, becomes a symbol of the secrecy of the homosexual man, whichis simultaneously associated with issues of aestheticism. Glick goeson to suggest that Basil expresses the sense of homosexuality as bothknown and unknowable the double bind of gay identity when hedeclares, I have come to love secrecy. It seems to be the one thingthat can make modern life mysterious or extraordinary to us. Thecommonest thing is bewitching if only one hides it.But just how realistically can homosexuality exist by these secretcodes of conduct? Just as Wilde suffers at the wo rk force of an intolerantsociety, so does Dorian Gray struggle to live a life of doubleidentity. By the end of the novel it becomes clear that he issuspended between two worlds, with no lasting way of marrying the two.To return to the essay of Elisa Glick, Dorian must die when he stabsthe portrait because he can only exist in the relation between thepublic and the private, a relation that Wilde literalizes in theportrait and its subject. Right from the outset of The Picture ofDorian Gray we are presented with the concept of that part of anartists inspiration that remains secret and personal to them.Therefore, the portrait of Dorian Gray does not merely conceal thesecrets of Dorian, but also the secrets of the painter of the subject -the portrait is a mysterious form because its outward appearanceconceals its inner essence. it reveals the essence of both painterand painted. The secret desire hidden within the painting is broughtto our attention by Henrys shallow comment that the pai nting looksnothing like Basil the fact that his retort misses the point entirelymerely succeeds in enhancing our understanding that there is much moreof Basils desires and passion in the painting than is immediatelyobvious from its surface attributes. Interestingly, this revelationcontradicts the concept of appreciating art purely for its appearanceand with no relation to moral values. In many cases living by thesenses reveals much about the person, and experiences cannot be soeasily detached from emotion and personal feeling. For example, whenDorian falls in love with Sibyl Vane, Henry observes that out of itssecret hiding place had crept his Soul, and Desire had come to meet iton the way. Within the stereo normal lifestyles of the aesthetes,inner feeling will inevitably show its face and with it, bring at leasta fleeting ponder on moral values.Having analysed The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture ofDorian Gray with regard to elements of secrecy, both positive andnegative consequences of such an influence on homosexual lifestyle areapparent. But it is the story of The Happy Prince that puts Wildesfinal and definitive seal of opinion on the issue of secrecy. Once theswallow has sacrificed his life for the statue of the Prince, the twoTown Councillors far from understand the kinship between theswallow and prince, becoming preoccupied with the trivial matter of whoshould be the subject of the next statue. However, there is ultimatelya happy ending with the swallow and Prince receiving recognition andacceptance from God, for in my garden of promised land this little birdshall sing for evermore, and in my city of metal(prenominal) the Happy Prince shallpraise me. The relationship between Prince and Swallow does havehomoerotic undertones, with the Swallow often read as the dandycharacter, in this case fascinated by the beauty of the statue. Thehomoerotic aspect of the tale culminates in a coddle between the two,but you must kiss me on the lips, for I love you. If we are toaccept a homoerotic reading of The Happy Prince then accordingly wecan read the ending as Wilde utter his opinion of homosexuality asnatural and literally giving such a lifestyle the blessing of God. InThe Portrait of Dorian Gray, Wilde uses a similar technique whereby hepresents the character who can most easily be classified as homosexual,as the very character who is the most morally sensitive.However, a homoerotic reading of The Happy Prince, indeed of anyof Wildes literary works, relies on and is substantially influenced byour knowledge of Oscar Wildes personal life. This brings us to thefinal chapter of this dissertation, a chapter that will analyse therelationship between the writer and the narrator, and the effect ofthis relationship on aesthetic and homoerotic readings of Wildesfiction. Chapter 5 -Wilde the storytellerSo far we have looked mainly at The Importance of Being Earnest andThe Picture of Dorian Gray and we have touched upon the fact that it isoften difficult to read such works without considering the personallife of Oscar Wilde. A Victorian audience would have held someknowledge of Wilde, considering that he was an extremely sociablecharacter with social critiques often published in Reviews of thetime. And of course, his two old age imprisonment would have beenwidely publicised and consequently common knowledge. There is no doubtthat it was around this time that heterosexual readers would havestruggled to accept the links that Wilde makes between aestheticism andhomosexuality, fearing a similar compulsion merely for sharing thecharacteristics of aestheticism. Reading in the ordinal centurywe now have the privilege of even further information on Wildesprivate life. The nineteenth century novel largely focused on the ternion person,omnipresent narrator, and in doing so inevitably drew attention to thepersona of the narrator and afterward to the author himself. Wildeis no exception to this rule and it is difficult no t to see his owncharacter or what we believe to be his own character shinethrough. As suggested in the previous chapter, it is not just thecondition of the artist to worship beauty, but also to allow his owncharacter and desires to become a part of his art. In the case of ThePortrait of Dorian Gray, our knowledge of Wilde as a dandy and aesthetecolours our interpretation of characters such as Lord Henry andDorian. Knowing what we do about Wildes extravagant social life andturbulent relationship with the press, lines such as You dont wantpeople to talk of you as something vile and degraded verbalize to Dorianby Basil, begin to take on more earthshaking meaning. With this quotein mind, it is possible to read between the lines and observe a feelingin Wilde that he wishes somehow, foreign of his literature not to belooked upon as vile and degraded. This desire for acceptance isoffset by the more typical tongue in cheek wit of Wilde, the use ofwhich diverts attention from serious em otions. This type of humour canbe seen in Dorians retort to Basil on consultation gossip, I love scandalsabout other people, but scandals about myself dont interest me. Theyhave not got the charm of novelty. It seems that Wilde isdeliberately poking fun at himself and connection in with the popularridicule that was present in Victorian society about the life of theaesthetic gentleman. Many cartoons and caricatures were in circulationat the time that sought to make fun of the extravagances of theaesthetic lifestyle. many satirical works were also released,worth particular mention is Robert Hitchens Green Carnation, asatirical novel on decadence influenced by the authors beliefs inaestheticism as unconventional and exhibitionist. The Importance ofBeing Earnest also has a farcical tone throughout, which often servesto allow the reader to question Wildes authority, whilst also allyingthe comments of certain characters with Oscar himself. For example, aline of Gwendolen appears to poin t directly at Wildes personal life,And certainly once a man begins to neglect his domestic duties hebecomes painfully effeminate, does he not? And I dont like that. Itmakes men so very attractive.However, many critics would argue that the very definition of fictiondictates that the reader should accept that there exigency not necessarilybe a connection between narrator and author. In the same way that anactor does not need to have see a similar history and lifestyleto the character they play, so too should we allow the writer to assumedifferent characters. This very point crops up in the story of ThePortrait of Mr W.H whereby the narrator argues that To say that only awoman can portray the passions of a woman, and that therefore no boycan play Rosalind, is to sop theQueer Theory Reading of a Picture of Dorian GrayQueer Theory Reading of a Picture of Dorian GrayAestheticism dictates that life should be lived by an ideal of beauty and a movement embodied by the phrase of art for a rts sake. There is perhaps no greater advocate of such beliefs as Oscar Wilde, and the characteristics of aestheticism run through much of his work, both plays and stories, particularly in the character of the dandy. It would be difficult to analyse any of Wildes work without considering his own personal life and consequently, almost impossible to analyse his use of aesthetics without tackling the elements of homoeroticism.Living in a society largely intolerant to homosexuality, Wilde was obviously restricted to some extent with regard to what he could write about explicitly and as a result secrecy becomes an important influence over Wildes work. This makes for an extremely interesting relationship between aestheticism and homoeroticism, and it is this relationship that will form the main focus of this essay. What are the forms and techniques that Wilde uses to aestheticise homosexuality, and why? And how by doing this his literary works reveal aspects of his own life and sexuality, ultimately creating the figure of Wilde the aesthete, dandy, and campy witticist who has become a public icon forhomosexual men in Britain and America. It will focus primarily on The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest and The Happy Prince and Other Stories.The Portrait of Mr. W.H portrays Shakespeare as being a slave to beauty that is the condition of the artist This concept of theartist as worshipper of beauty is a recurring characteristic of Wildes literature and will be dealt with later in this chapter. Firstly, itis necessary to look at the ideal of beauty that Wilde presents as worthy of worship.There is an overwhelming resemblance between Wildes portrayal ofbeauty and the concept of beauty in the Greek era. As Summers observesin his book Gay Fictions Studies in a Male Homosexual Literary Tradition, both The Portrait of Dorian Gray and The Portrait of Mr.W.H focus heavily on portraits of androgynous young men bothstories allude to famous homosexual artis ts and lovers in history andthey both assume a significant connection between homosexual Eros andart. Same-sex desire is referenced heavily throughout Greek literature, for example, during the sixth century, the poet Sappho wrote numerous homoerotic verses concerning young women, with the term lesbian derived from the name of her island home of Lesbos. Platoalso referred to same-sex desires and relations, even forming his own theory on the pre-determined nature of different sexualities. In words taken from The Portrait of Mr. W.H, the ideal of beauty is a beauty that seemed to combine the charm of both sexes, and to have wedded, as the Sonnets tell us, the grace of Adonis and the loveliness ofHelen. Wilde uses this Greek ideal of beauty as a means of adding authority to his allusions to homoeroticism, to make the content of the two aforementioned works more acceptable to a Victorian audience. Itis important to note that there is a marked difference of public attitude towards homosex uality and homoeroticism between Greek and Victorian society. Donald Hall observes that during the Greek eraadult male sexuality, had much more to do with power status and social positioning than it did with any expression of identity-determining desire for the same or other sex.Wildes ideal of beauty also overlaps with the Greek concept of the muse. The Portrait of Dorian Gray presents us with Dorian, the muse topainter Basil Hallward, and The Portrait of Mr. W.H provides us withan insight into the life of one of the most famous muses of all, the young man who Shakespeare addressed many of his sonnets to Who was he whose physical beauty was such that it became the very corner-stone of Shakespeares art the very source of Shakespeares inspiration the very incarnation of Shakespeares dreams. The muse, defined as asource of inspiration especially for a creative artist succeeds in objectifying the subject, transforming a human presence into aesthetic fodder to fuel the creative mind, a s well as something far superior tothe person beholding the muse. With regard to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Summers suggests that, the implied link between homosexual Erosand creativity is clear in Dorians effect on Basils art. Dorians beauty and the ideal that he represents cause Basil to see the world afresh and inspire him to his greatest work as an artist.This is where the idea of worshipping beauty comes into play. TheHappy Prince, for example, is distinctly removed from everyday lifeand is admired from afar in a quite literal sense. However, Dorian isperhaps the best illustration of Wildes fascination with the worshipof beauty. The novel suggests that to other young men Dorian seemedto be of the company of those whom Dante describes as having sought tomake themselves perfect by the worship of beauty. Like Gautier, hewas one for whom the visible world existed. At the same time,Dorian is presented to us as the worshipped, with regard to hisrelationship with Basil Hallward.The e xperience of the muse in the manner of Basil and Shakespeare (asportrayed by Wilde) seems to present something of a double-edged sword,producing feelings of such passion that joy and despair becomeintertwined. The narrator of The Portrait of Mr. W.H suggests thatShakespeares muse was a particular young man whose personality forsome reason seems to have filled the soul of Shakespeare with terriblejoy and no less terrible despair. In a similar vein, Basil hasominous feelings on meeting Dorian for the first time, I knew that Ihad come face to face with someone whose mere personality was sofascinating that, if I allowed it to do so, it would absorb my wholenature, my whole soul, my very art itself. The effect of beauty canbe seen as both gift and curse in the same way that Wilde perhapsregarded homosexuality in Victorian society.The importance that Wilde places on the worship of beauty is closelyrelated to his strong beliefs in aestheticism. The distance that Wildeseeks to construct be tween the observer and the object of beauty can beread as a mechanism of aestheticism whereby he aims to eliminate anyattachment to moral and wider societal concerns. The following chapterwill analyse the relation of aesthetics to Wildes literary works, andhow far he is able to separate the appreciation of art from moralvalues.Mary Blanchard, in Oscar Wildes America suggests that the personaof the invert or male homosexual was an emerging concept during the1880s, and the connections between aesthetic style and a homosexualsubculture cannot be overlooked. And with other critics referring toWilde as the high priest of aestheticism, its clear that Oscar is noexception to this rule. He lived a hedonistic lifestyle, flitting as asocial butterfly from one experience of art and beauty to the next. InVictorian times the male dandy soon became a symbol of this aestheticage, with no finer literary examples than Dorian and Lord Henry of ThePortrait of Dorian Gray, and Algernon and Jack of The Importance ofBeing Earnest. Lord Henry declares that pleasure is the only thingworth having a theory about and it is this preoccupation withmaterial things and surface-level emotions that characterises thedandy, a choice of style over substance. As a result Dorian becomesfascinated with acquiring commodities such as perfumes, jewels andmusic. Wilde dedicates pages of description to this search forsensations that would be at once new and possess that element ofstrangeness that is so essential to romance.The concept of dandyism is closely linked to that of Victoriandecadence. Goldfarb, in his essay on Late Victorian Decadenceprovides us with a useful definition of decadence, highlighting itsresemblance to aestheticism the value to be gained from experienceof all sorts and from indulgence in a life of sensation. Because ofthis emphasis, decadent literature is animated by the exploration ofimmoral and evil experiences never does it preach morality, nor doesit strongly insist upon ethic al responsibilities. This separationbetween decadence and morality is also a characteristic common toaestheticism.Glick studies the concepts of dandyism at length in her essay onThe Dialectics of Dandyism, identifying an opposition betweencritical thought on dandyism and arguing that two different modelslocate dandyism at the opposite poles of modernity, simultaneouslypositioning the queer subject as a privileged emblem of the modern andas a dissident in revolt against society. Therefore, on the one handthe reader can accept the dandy as person who embraces the aestheticsof culture and celebrates beauty as a preoccupation with surfacetrends to conceive of gay identity solely or primarily in terms ofartifice, aesthetics, commodity fetishism and style. Or, beneath thesurface, we can read a protest against the commodification of modernlife and a rejection of common values and aspirations. Goldfarb note asimilar contempt for modern society in the movement of decadence, aself-conscious contempt for social conventions such as truth andmarriage, by an acceptance of Beauty as a basis for life. Bothaestheticism and decadence seek to remove beauty from the confines ofmodern society and use it to their own ends in a self-created sensualand fantastical lifestyle.Wildes use of aestheticism can be read as an attempt to showhomosexuality as a sign of refined culture, as a means to his desiredend where such a topic becomes more acceptable. In the same way thatWilde alludes to the Greek ideal of beauty to disguise what couldotherwise be seen as a direct and possibly offensive portrayal ofhomosexual desire, by adhering to the rules of aestheticism Wilde isable to divert attention from any moral attack on his writing. Themovement of aestheticism shuns any notion that art can be connectedwith morality and passionately encourages individual freedom and socialtheatricality. Ironically, whilst it can largely be seen as arebellion against Victorian sensibilities, it is simultaneousl y amethod of retaining a covert nature to the expression of homoeroticdesire. In the case of Basil Hallward, he finds art an outlet for suchdesires, there is nothing that Art cannot express. Through Dorian,Basil is able to discover a new manner in art, an entirely new mode ofstyle not just when he is painting Dorian, but when he is merelypresent. It allows him a new way of looking at life, having realisedthe power of homoeroticismIn presenting homosexuality through the lens of aestheticism andconsequently presenting it as a refined culture with close links to theidealised and romantic image of the Greek age, Wilde also separates thelifestyle of the homosexual man from the classes of heterosexualsociety. As Elisa Glick suggests in her essay on the dialectics ofdandyism, Wilde depicts Dorians seemingly endless appetite forexotic, luxury objects as the exterior manifestation of his innerintellectual and artistic superiority. This presents Doriansdesires and those of other aetheticism a dvocates as elitist andultimately superior to other classes. Through the use of aestheticism,it can be argued that Wilde attempts to give homoeroticism the power totranscend class. By describing such episodes in this romantic andfantastical manner, he places homosexuality in a highly refined classof its own, in a position out of reach from the realities of theworking class and bourgeoisie.To take this concept one step further, Wilde can also be seen toreject the realities of common society entirely, as an aesthetepreferring to lose himself in sensual experiences and ultimatelydreaming of an escape from reality to a place where such experience canbe fully realised. Glick goes on to note that Dorians acquisition ofluxuries and curios not only seems to affirm his aristocraticdistinction, but also aims to build a self-created world byaestheticizing experience itself. Gray yearns not so much for theenjoyment provided by an individual object, but for the aestheticpleasure provided by its reincarnation of part of his collection.Indeed, Dorian does become obsessed with creating his own desiredversion of reality, in which worshipping beauty and living by thesenses is the priority. Having embarked on this aesthetic journey-largely instigated by Lord Henry Dorians passion to adhere to theseideals becomes clear, It was the creation of such worlds as these thatseemed to Dorian Gray to be the true object, or amongst the trueobjects of life. Early in the novel Wilde even goes so far as toassociate reality directly with the lower classes and as therefore,something ranked below the aspirations and lifestyle of those likeDorian in this extract no sooner is Dorian overcome by fascinationwith Lord Henry than he is brought down to earth by the entrance of aservantDorian Gray never took his gaze off him, but sat like one under aspell, smiles chasing each other over his lips, and wonder growinggrave in his darkening eyes. At last, liveried in the costume of the age, Reality entered the roomin the shape of a servant to tell the Duchess that her carriage waswaiting.By personifying Reality Wilde presents it as something that can bedefeated, beaten by those who have enough desire and strength of mindto do so. In the same way Wilde often capitalises and personifiesArt to add character to the subject and emphasise his position onthat subject.Although in one respect this separation of the dandy or aesthetefrom reality may seem to alienate him from others in society, thecontent of Wildes narration does not necessarily isolate him from amoral standpoint. It is interesting to note that we are given verylittle information on the uglier types of experience that Dorianseeks. As readers, we understand the influences and transition thatthe protagonist is going through as his soul darkens, but we are noteducated in the exact nature of the experiences. This allows lessopportunity for concentrating on the moral aspects of his lifestylechoices, and more opportunity for pondering on the nature ofaestheticism we focus more on the influences on Dorian and theconsequences, rather than on judging his actions and decisions. Whenone delves deeper to find a moral standpoint on Wildes part, it isdifficult to do so, and consequently, easier to assume that the absenceof analysis in this area suggests ambiguity on his part.Summer seeks to find an answer to this moral ambiguity in the worldof Oscar Wilde himself, and in relation to The Portrait of Dorian Grayfound that Wilde summarised the moral as all excess, as well as allrenunciation, brings its own punishment. The painter, Basil Hallward,worshipping physical beauty far too much, as most painters do, dies bythe hand of one in whose soul he has created a monstrous and absurdvanity. Dorian Gray, having led a life of mere sensation and pleasure,tries to kill conscience, and at that moment kills himself. Thiscomment of Wildes confirms the notion that becoming a slave to beautyis a condition of art, illustrated by the to ne of the inevitable thataccompanies the phrase as most painters do, an observation that wecan easily transfer to the experience of other artists as well. Wildegoes on to explain that Lord Henry Wotton seeks to be merely thespectator of life. He finds that those who reject the battle are moredeeply wounded than those who take part in it. In this respect bothBasil and Henry are ultimately doomed, thus suggesting no clear moralpath that the reader need follow for salvation. Moral ambivalenceoccurs frequently as a result of the narrators attitude the narratoris sympathetic towards whichever character he is describing, and inparticular, often seems just as seduced by the strong and influentialcharacter of Lord Henry as Dorian is. With this in mind, Summersconcludes that notwithstanding the retributive ending of the book, theFaustian dream of an escape from human limitation and moral stricturesultimately triumphs over the condemnation of excess and therebysubverts the apparent moralism. To summarise, he argues that theFaustian dream is rendered more appealingly than the superimposedlesson of dangers of narcissism. However, if we accept Summersreading, it still remains impossible to read the novel withoutquestioning the relationship between aestheticism and morality.Whether we believe Wilde to subvert or strengthen common moral values,their presence within the narration is undeniable and invites furtherthought from the reader.To conclude this chapter on aestheticism, we can see that Wildesliterature aestheticism and homosexuality exist co dependently. Thisobviously has an effect on the publics reading of his works, and howreadily and comfortably they associate these two aspects. As Summerssuggests it is interesting to note that The Picture of Dorian Gray wasamong the first novels in the language to feature (though blurred andinexactly) a homosexual subculture Summers wrote that homosexualreaders would certainly have responded to the books undercurrent ofgay feeling, and may have found the very name Dorian suggestive ofGreek homosexuality, since it was Dorian tribesmen who allegedlyintroduced homosexuality into Greece as part of their militaryregimen. In contrast, Mary Blanchard notes a negative consequenceconcerning heterosexual readers during the Victorian era Allyingaesthetic style with the masculine self provoked attacks from someVictorian men unsure of their own gender orientation. This raisesthe issue of how a heterosexual readership can be seen to react to theundertone of homosexuality, and how a readers interpretation canchange when fuelled by more knowledge of Oscar Wildes personal life.Before looking at the effect of the writer on what is ultimately afictional narrator, this essay will look at the importance of secrecyin the life of the homosexual man.Todays society is obviously more accepting of Wildes sexuality andits effect on his art, Summers illustrates this point by suggestingthat Wildes demise meant that he ultimately function ed as Saint Oscar,the homosexual martyr. But of course it was not until some timeafter the late nineteenth century that Wilde was fully appreciated by awider audience. Miller and Adams in Sexualities in Victorian Britainobserve that the Victorians were notorious as the great enemies ofsexuality indeed in Freuds representative account, sexualitysometimes seems to be whatever it was that the middle-class Victorianmind attempted to hide, evade, repress, deny. In this respect thehomosexual man had a double secrecy to adhere to that of sexuality,as well as homosexuality. In Victorian society there was very much aclear-cut idea of what was natural and unnatural, of what was normaland abnormal. Consequently, Wilde set himself up as a figure to beattacked by the press as unnatural and abnormal the Victorian presspublicized in wildly inflammatory ways Wildes eccentric dress,effeminate, and haughty demeanour, all held up as important signifiersof his unnatural sexuality and the threat he po sed to normal,middle-class values. Being such an extravagant and extrovertedcharacter, Wildes sexuality was not particularly covert and eventuallyprovided Victorian society with a case by which to lay down the law asto what was acceptable in terms of sexuality. As Ed Cohen suggests inhis essay, Writing Gone Wild Homoerotic Desire in the Closet ofRepresentation, the court proceedings against Wilde provided aperfect opportunity to define publicly the authorized and legal limitswithin which a man could naturally enjoy the pleasures of his bodywith another man.Despite the fact that it was Wildes indiscrete homosexual behaviourand demeanour that led to his downfall, aspects of secrecy featureheavily in his literary works and certain narrative techniques aid tothe covert nature in which homoeroticism is often presented. To recap,by relating same-sex friendships to aestheticism and ideals of beauty,Wilde is able to divert attention from aspects of homosexuality thatwould be otherwise be in terpreted as immoral by Victorian society.Also, Wilde omits any direct reference or description of same-sexphysical relations and hardly even alludes to such activities. Thecontent of the narration and emphasis on aestheticism means that ahomoerotic reading of Dorian Gray is not immediately obvious at leastnot to a heterosexual readership. Therefore, homosexual love becomesthe love that cannot be spoken of and is fundamentally secretive.The secret language of homosexuality is particularly evident in TheImportance of Being Earnest, a play riddled with code words alluding tohomosexual behaviour. Karl Beckson argues that the title of the playis not only a pun on the name of Earnest, but is also a representationof same-sex love since the term Urning (a variant of the more commonlyused Uranian) referred to same-sex desire in fin-de-siecle London.Beckson also argues that Wildes use of the term bunburying as ameans for Algernon to escape responsibility also has Uranianimplications. With t he action of bunburying being such a focal pointof The Importance of Being Earnest, this reading of the play suggest aserious preoccupation with the secret world of the homosexual. It isalso interesting to note that an unnamed critic in Time suggests thatBunburying was shorthand for a visit to a fashionable London malewhorehouse (2 February 1979, 73), an opinion reaffirmed by JoelFineman in 1980. Understandably, after the success of play thephrase bunburying became a commonly used term as same-sex slang.John Franceschina notes other code words used in the play as musical,effeminate, and aunty, all of them Victorian expressions for same-sexactivity. Yet, again Wilde diverts attention from a moral reading bywriting in a style that is based on farce and euphemism, a style thatrejects an immediate analytical reading.In her essay Dialectics of Dandyism, Elisa Glick observes theissue of secrecy within both modern and Victorian society and suggeststhat modern gay identity is pervaded by th e trope of the secret.She pays particular interest to the dichotomy of appearance and whatlies beneath, in her words the opposition between outward appearanceand inner essence. This split between appearance and essence of apersons character and desires is central to Wildes portrayal ofhomosexuality, as illustrated by the character of Dorian Gray. Dorianis a contradiction of appearance and essence, with the portrait beingan omnipresent reminder of this. And to return to The Importance ofBeing Earnest, the very act of bunburying on Algernon Moncrieffs partsuggests a web of deceit where appearances are never compatible withreality.One might think that such a heavy reliance on secrecy might lead tosome resentment by those forced to hide their sexuality from anintolerant society, but in the case of Wildes dandies, this does notseem to be the case. In fact, such characters appear to activelyembrace a world of secrecy. If we equate Dorians portrait withhomosexuality, then we can read his r esponse to the secrecy that isforced upon him as something of a guilty pleasure pride ofindividualism that is half fascination of sin, and smiling with secretpleasure at the misshapen shadow that had to bear the burden thatshould have been his own. This seems to suggest that throughsecrecy, a homosexual man can avoid all the negative consequences thatwould be thrust upon him by an offended Victorian society. Glickobserves that it the portrait is not just related to the secret worldof Dorian, but that it also functions on a wider scale, Wilde makes itclear that the portrait does not exhibit a single secret rather it isthe site for a circulation of secrecy in which all these characters Basil, Dorian, and Lord Henry are implicated. The portraittherefore, becomes a symbol of the secrecy of the homosexual man, whichis simultaneously associated with issues of aestheticism. Glick goeson to suggest that Basil expresses the sense of homosexuality as bothknown and unknowable the double bin d of gay identity when hedeclares, I have come to love secrecy. It seems to be the one thingthat can make modern life mysterious or marvellous to us. Thecommonest thing is delightful if only one hides it.But just how realistically can homosexuality exist by these secretcodes of conduct? Just as Wilde suffers at the hands of an intolerantsociety, so does Dorian Gray struggle to live a life of doubleidentity. By the end of the novel it becomes clear that he issuspended between two worlds, with no lasting way of marrying the two.To return to the essay of Elisa Glick, Dorian must die when he stabsthe portrait because he can only exist in the relation between thepublic and the private, a relation that Wilde literalizes in theportrait and its subject. Right from the outset of The Picture ofDorian Gray we are presented with the concept of that part of anartists inspiration that remains secret and personal to them.Therefore, the portrait of Dorian Gray does not merely conceal thesecrets of Dorian, but also the secrets of the painter of the subject -the portrait is a mysterious form because its outward appearanceconceals its inner essence. it reveals the essence of both painterand painted. The secret desire hidden within the painting is broughtto our attention by Henrys shallow comment that the painting looksnothing like Basil the fact that his retort misses the point entirelymerely succeeds in enhancing our understanding that there is much moreof Basils desires and passion in the painting than is immediatelyobvious from its surface attributes. Interestingly, this revelationcontradicts the concept of appreciating art purely for its appearanceand with no relation to moral values. In many cases living by thesenses reveals much about the person, and experiences cannot be soeasily detached from emotion and personal feeling. For example, whenDorian falls in love with Sibyl Vane, Henry observes that out of itssecret hiding place had crept his Soul, and Desire had come to m eet iton the way. Within the stereotypical lifestyles of the aesthetes,inner feeling will inevitably show its face and with it, bring at leasta fleeting ponder on moral values.Having analysed The Importance of Being Earnest and The Picture ofDorian Gray with regard to elements of secrecy, both positive andnegative consequences of such an influence on homosexual lifestyle areapparent. But it is the story of The Happy Prince that puts Wildesfinal and definitive seal of opinion on the issue of secrecy. Once theswallow has sacrificed his life for the statue of the Prince, the twoTown Councillors far from understand the relationship between theswallow and prince, becoming preoccupied with the trivial matter of whoshould be the subject of the next statue. However, there is ultimatelya happy ending with the swallow and Prince receiving recognition andacceptance from God, for in my garden of Paradise this little birdshall sing for evermore, and in my city of gold the Happy Prince shallprais e me. The relationship between Prince and Swallow does havehomoerotic undertones, with the Swallow often read as the dandycharacter, in this case fascinated by the beauty of the statue. Thehomoerotic aspect of the tale culminates in a kiss between the two,but you must kiss me on the lips, for I love you. If we are toaccept a homoerotic reading of The Happy Prince then accordingly wecan read the ending as Wilde voicing his opinion of homosexuality asnatural and literally giving such a lifestyle the blessing of God. InThe Portrait of Dorian Gray, Wilde uses a similar technique whereby hepresents the character who can most easily be classified as homosexual,as the very character who is the most morally sensitive.However, a homoerotic reading of The Happy Prince, indeed of anyof Wildes literary works, relies on and is substantially influenced byour knowledge of Oscar Wildes personal life. This brings us to thefinal chapter of this dissertation, a chapter that will analyse therelationshi p between the writer and the narrator, and the effect ofthis relationship on aesthetic and homoerotic readings of Wildesfiction. Chapter 5 -Wilde the storytellerSo far we have looked mainly at The Importance of Being Earnest andThe Picture of Dorian Gray and we have touched upon the fact that it isoften difficult to read such works without considering the personallife of Oscar Wilde. A Victorian audience would have held someknowledge of Wilde, considering that he was an extremely sociablecharacter with social critiques often published in Reviews of thetime. And of course, his two years imprisonment would have beenwidely publicised and consequently common knowledge. There is no doubtthat it was around this time that heterosexual readers would havestruggled to accept the links that Wilde makes between aestheticism andhomosexuality, fearing a similar fate merely for sharing thecharacteristics of aestheticism. Reading in the twenty-first centurywe now have the privilege of even further information on Wildesprivate life. The nineteenth century novel largely focused on the third person,omnipresent narrator, and in doing so inevitably drew attention to thepersona of the narrator and subsequently to the author himself. Wildeis no exception to this rule and it is difficult not to see his owncharacter or what we believe to be his own character shinethrough. As suggested in the previous chapter, it is not just thecondition of the artist to worship beauty, but also to allow his owncharacter and desires to become a part of his art. In the case of ThePortrait of Dorian Gray, our knowledge of Wilde as a dandy and aesthetecolours our interpretation of characters such as Lord Henry andDorian. Knowing what we do about Wildes extravagant social life andturbulent relationship with the press, lines such as You dont wantpeople to talk of you as something vile and degraded spoken to Dorianby Basil, begin to take on more significant meaning. With this quotein mind, it is possible t o read between the lines and observe a feelingin Wilde that he wishes somehow, outside of his literature not to belooked upon as vile and degraded. This desire for acceptance isoffset by the more typical tongue in cheek wit of Wilde, the use ofwhich diverts attention from serious emotions. This type of humour canbe seen in Dorians retort to Basil on hearing gossip, I love scandalsabout other people, but scandals about myself dont interest me. Theyhave not got the charm of novelty. It seems that Wilde isdeliberately poking fun at himself and joining in with the popularridicule that was present in Victorian society about the life of theaesthetic gentleman. Many cartoons and caricatures were in circulationat the time that sought to make fun of the extravagances of theaesthetic lifestyle. Numerous satirical works were also released,worth particular mention is Robert Hitchens Green Carnation, asatirical novel on decadence influenced by the authors beliefs inaestheticism as unconventional and exhibitionist. The Importance ofBeing Earnest also has a farcical tone throughout, which often servesto allow the reader to question Wildes authority, whilst also allyingthe comments of certain characters with Oscar himself. For example, aline of Gwendolen appears to point directly at Wildes personal life,And certainly once a man begins to neglect his domestic duties hebecomes painfully effeminate, does he not? And I dont like that. Itmakes men so very attractive.However, many critics would argue that the very definition of fictiondictates that the reader should accept that there need not necessarilybe a connection between narrator and author. In the same way that anactor does not need to have experienced a similar history and lifestyleto the character they play, so too should we allow the writer to assumedifferent characters. This very point crops up in the story of ThePortrait of Mr W.H whereby the narrator argues that To say that only awoman can portray the passions of a wom an, and that therefore no boycan play Rosalind, is to rob the

Air Pollution In Beijing Environmental Sciences Essay

Air Pollution In capital of Red China Environmental Sciences EssayAir defilement is the substances that accumulated in the atmosphere, which go forth endanger human health or produce new(prenominal) measured effects on living calculate and other materials. 1Air befoulment is mainly emitted from the exhaust of motor fomites, the combustion of fossil fuels as vigorous as the burning process of coal and oil. As female genital organ be seen, the production of electricity generates the most of the taint through with(predicate) coal burning. superior generally speaking, pollutants open fire be in the form of solid particles or gases. In addition, they whitethorn be natural or man-made. 2 Pollutants in the form can be classified as either native or substitute(prenominal). Usually, capital pollutants be substances directly emitted from a process by human or natural sources, such(prenominal) as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, dust, sea salt, sess from forest fires, ash f rom a volcanic eruption and chemicals from human activity. (See picture1.1)Picture1.1 Sources of primary pollutantsSecondary pollutants argon non emitted directly, they occur when primary pollutants react with atmospheric gases to establish new, hazardous substances. An important grammatical case of a secondary pollutant is globe level ozone. 3 However, almost pollutants may be some(prenominal) primary and secondary That is, they are both emitted directly and formed from other primary pollutants.As is addressed in an overview by World Bank of the 20 cities undetermined to blueest concentrations of particulate matter, which are tiny subdivisions of solid or liquid matter suspended in a gas or liquid, quite a lot of Chinese cities were mentioned, as capital of Red China is the sixteenth. In fact, not besides the concentration of particulate matter, the overall environmental situation of capital of Red China is and so a serious problem. Since the mid-1960s, industrialization took the place of agriculture and became Chinas primary economy. However, the contaminant generation and resource depletion followed, which directly contributes to environmental degradation. The spicy tautness of fine particulate matter, ozone as hale as SO2 and dark is the major line of credit problem in China.When it comes to the effects of bank line pollution, the restoration to human health, vegetation and materials fully account for the reasons why it is important to give way attention to air pollution prudence. Exposure to these air pollutants has been associated with the increases of mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. In fact, air quality management is not simply a euphemistic synonym for air pollution control rather it represents a well defined process or rationale for establishing and enforcing regulations governing emissions of a wide array of pollutants from diverse urban and rural sources.Beijing, a typical repre sentative of rapid developing cities, is an example to illustrate the measures that are utilize in urban air pollution controlling and management concerned with a sustainable perspective.Conclusion and limit pointConclusionAs can be seen from this dissertation, the most serious air pollution in Beijing is the concentration of PM10, which is mainly from dust-soil, coal burning, construction, fomite exhaust emission, waste incineration, concrete manufacturing, metal smelting industry emission, as well as urban road traffic. In addition, because Beijing is located at the downstream of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia which are the source areas of the dust storms, and in that locationfore makes the density of PM10 much complicated. In addition to the PM10 problem, the influences caused by O3 and SO2 could not be ignored. gamy temperature and relative humidity conditions in summer accelerate the transformation of air pollutants, which results in high concentration of O3. While in winter, high necessitate of coal consumption leads to the dramatic increase of SO2 concentration. Due to the damages such as human health, vegetations and materials, caused by these air pollutants, the municipal government of Beijing starts to pay more attentions to this aspect.To reduce the air pollutants in Beijing, a more reasonable transportation system had been implemented already. For example, the new city cookery called Two Axles, Two Corridors with Multi-centered was adopted by the government, which could divide the traffic lead effectively during the rush hour. This leads to the reduction of air pollutants from vehicles when they are at idle. Moreover, overt transportation like bus, light rail, and subway are encouraged, the amount of such unrestricted transportation is increasing, and light rail and subway were sped up some(prenominal) times. When the usage of public transportation is at an increasing stylus, trips by one-on-one cars are at a decreasing tendency, and then the emissions from vehicles reduced. What else, the quality of vehicle fuel was in any case breakd, Euro 5 standard tends to be adopted round 2012 in Beijing, the content of sulfur in Euro 5 standard for gasoline and diesel is less than 10 ppm. Beijing municipal government as well as carried out a lot of incentives on vehicle retrofit, scrappage and purchase to make the on-road vehicles cleaner and emit less air pollutants. Apart from traffic system, on that point is also transition in energy system. For example, government encourages the usage of renewable energy such as nuclear, solar, wind, biomass, and hydrogen, etc. Economic incentives are applied to encourage the enterprise to invest in the renewable energy. For customers, there are discounts when purchase the electricity that produced by the renewable energy. What is more, green planning is also important in controlling the air quality in Beijing, because trees can absorb air pollutants. And vegetation can also conserv e the soil, which would correct the dust storm situation.Although the air pollution level is still high compared with some European countries, it is developing at a satisfied trend with these efforts from municipal government of Beijing, which means a gradual improvement of air quality every year.In the August of 2008, the average air pollution index was about 56, which was 30% lower than API 80 at the equal period of last year. The PM10 concentration during the Olympics stayed at a satisfied level, and there were fifty-fifty 9 days, in which, the concentration of PM10 came to be lower than 50 micrograms per cubic metre, achieving the WHO air quality get. With regards to the density of O3 in this period, the mean prise in the daytime came to 42 ppb, which was the lowest point during these three years. These improvements provided a sound environment for the Beijing Olympic Games.LimitationBefore the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, Beijing municipal government carried out a cast of phased measures and policies such as the odd-even day vehicle operation and closure of some construction sites. There were also restrictions for the coal-burning facilities. The results of these policies were significant, which made the air quality during the Olympics even achieve the WHO air quality target instead of the WHO interim target for developing countries. However, from the perspective of author, air quality during Olympics has its particularity, and the specific measures that were applied to improve the air quality during this period have their limitations when continue after the Olympics. For example, coal is still the primary energy in China and this situation will last a very long time in future. In addition, coal burning industries could not be restricted too much, which may affect the economic growth significantly. Therefore, attentions should still be paid to the general policies or measures the author mentioned above. Developing a better city represent and improv e the vehicle fuel quality are necessary. The encouragement of public transportation and renewable energy can contribute to air quality. Furthermore, improving the efficiency of energy and expanding the green areas in urban area of Beijing should be advocated by government and citizens. These measures are mainly applied indoors Beijing, in the authors opinion it is not enough. As is propounded that the surround provinces Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, and Shanxi contribute a lot of air pollution to Beijing through the activities such as rural biomass burning, which is an important contributor to fine PM concentrations. The emitted air pollutants pervade the entire region and add to the local pollution in Beijing during transport on the prevailing winds. These four provinces are also the most polluted provinces in China. 68 So in grade to improve the air quality in Beijing, the measures should not only be implemented in Beijing, but also applied in the environ provinces. Further inves tigatees and investigations of the surrounding provinces are of consequence needed.Furthermore, the whole dissertation is found on the analysis of relative literatures, without any research activities such as questionnaire and interviews, and this may make the dissertation less realistic. To improve this situation, more research methods such as empirical study and observations should be encouraged if visible(prenominal) in the further research. What is more, sometimes the opinions and conclusions from the authors of the relative literatures may be indispensable which would influence the analysis results. As a student at the university, both the analysis ability and research ability are sometimes not skillful enough for academic work.